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CELS191 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

0
Q

Function of cellulose

A

Strengthens plant cell walls

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1
Q

What is the function of monosaccharides and disaccharides?

A

Fuel; carbon source that can be converted to other molecules or combined into polymers

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2
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Stores glucose for energy

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3
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Stores glucose for energy

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4
Q

What are the types of lipids?

A
  • triacylglycerols (fats/oils) glycerol + 2 fatty acids
  • phospholipids (phosphate group + 2 fatty acids)
  • steroids (4 fused rings with attached chemical groups)
  • fat soluble vitamins
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5
Q

What is the function of triacylglycerols

A

Important energy source (more than glucose because of long C chains as opposed to 6 carbons)

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6
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

Lipid bilayer of membranes, structural function

Long fatty acid chain

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7
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A
  • components of cell membranes (cholesterol) structural function
  • signalling molecules that travel through the body (hormones) and regulatory function
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8
Q

What is the function of structural proteins?

A

Provide structural support

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9
Q

What is the function of regulatory proteins (peptide hormones)

A

Coordinate organismal responses

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10
Q

Function of motor proteins

A

Function in cell movement

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11
Q

Function of transport proteins

A

Transport substances

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12
Q

What is the function of protective proteins

A

Fight infections (immune system)

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13
Q

What is the function of storage proteins

A

Store amino acids

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14
Q

What is the function of defence proteins?

A

Protect against disease

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15
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Stores hereditary information

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16
Q

What is the function of RNA

A

Various functions during gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes

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17
Q

What are the atomic constituents of the human body (of biological macromolecules)

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon
  • hydrogen
  • nitrogen
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18
Q

What are the molecular building blocks?

A
  • amino acids
  • nucleobases
  • simple carbohydrates
  • lipids
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19
Q

What do amino acids go through polymerisation to form?

A

Proteins (macromolecule = polymer)

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20
Q

Nucleobases go through polymerisation to form?

A

DNA and RNA (nucleic acid) (macromolecule = polymer)

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21
Q

What do simple carbohydrates go through polymerisation to form?

A

Complex carbohydrates (macromolecule = polymer)

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22
Q

What are macromolecules?

A
  • proteins
  • DNA/RNA (nucleic acids)
  • complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
  • lipids (non-polymeric biomolecule)
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23
Q

What is a biomolecule?

A

Any type of molecule produced by a living organism

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24
Q

What are the 4 levels of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Monosaccharides (simple = sugars)
  2. Disaccharides (simple = sugars)
  3. Oligosaccarides (complex carbs)
  4. Polysaccharides (complex carbs)
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25
Q

What are the types of monosaccharides? (Single unit building block of carbohydrates)

A 
Hexose: (building block higher order carbs)
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
Pentose: (part of larger molecules)
- deoxyribose (part of DNA nucleotide)
- ribose (part of RNA nucleotide)
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26
Q

What makes up a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides

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27
Q

What are the types of disaccharides?

A
  • glucose + fructose = sucrose
  • galactose + glucose = lactose
  • glucose + glucose = maltose
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28
Q

What is a feature of hexose monosaccharides?

A

They are the 3 most common building blocks in the body

29
Q

What is the only difference between the two pentose monosaccharides?

A

One for RNA and one for DNA

30
Q

What are oligodaccharides made up of?

A

3-10 monosaccharides

31
Q

What are polysaccharides made up of?

A

More than 10 monosaccharides

32
Q

What are the 3 different types of polysaccharides?

A
  • starch
  • glycogen
  • cellulose
33
Q

What are the two types of starch?

A
  • amylose

- amylopectin

34
Q

Is starch a plant or animal carbohydrate?

A

Plant

35
Q

What is starch made up of?

A

Glucose monomers linked with an (alpha) 1-4 glycosidic bond

36
Q

Can the glycosidic bonds in starch molecules be easily broken? How and why?

A

Yes by enzymes the release glucose for energy

37
Q

Is glycogen an animal or plant carbohydrate?

A

Animal

38
Q

What is glycogen made up of?

A

Glucose monomers linked with alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

39
Q

Can the glycosidic bonds in glycogen be broken easily? How and why?

A

Yes by enzymes to release glucose for energy

40
Q

Is cellulose a plant or animal carbohydrate?

A

Plant

41
Q

What is cellulose made up of?

A

Glucose monomers linked with a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

42
Q

Can the glycosidic bonds in cellulose be broken down easily?

A

No enzymes can’t break the bonds for energy

43
Q

What forms can the glucose monomers be in?

A

Linear or ring

44
Q

What are the two different glucose monomer ring structures?

A
  • alpha (OH group only down)

- beta (OH group only up)

45
Q

Are there more than one linear structures of glucose monomers?

A

No

46
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • cell recognition
  • storage of glucose (alpha - starch plant, glycogen animal)
  • structure (cellulose plants)
47
Q

Are lipids polymers?

A

No

48
Q

How do lipids and water behave together

A

They do not mix (oil)

- lipids are hydrophobic

49
Q

What are the 3 functions of lipids?

A
  • structural
  • regulatory (testosterone/oestrogen)
  • energy
50
Q

What are the two nucleic acids?

A
  • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

- RNA (ribonucleic acid)

51
Q

What do nucleotides form?

A

Nucleic acids (polymers)

52
Q

What are proteins?

A

Molecules by which cells perform their functions in the whole organism

53
Q

What is the process from DNA to a protein?

A

A gene in DNA transcribes to a mRNA

- which transcribes to a protein

54
Q

How many different amino acids are there? How are they different?

A

20 different

Differ by the R group (side chain)

55
Q

How many protein coding genes are in the body?

A

22,000

56
Q

How many unique proteins are there in the human body?

A

100,000

57
Q

Genes give rise to proteins, one or many?

A

One or many proteins

58
Q

What are some functions of proteins?

A
  • structural
  • regulatory
  • contractile
  • transport
59
Q

Why does the plasma membrane have a selective barrier?

A
  • oxygen
  • nutrients
  • waste
60
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

A

Double layer phospholipids

61
Q

What about the plasma membrane restricts the size a cell can be?

A

The surface area because only so many reactions can occur by things transporting through the membrane

62
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Everything inside the plasma membrane (cytosol and organelles)
Excluding the nucleus

63
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

Gel fluid

Contains ions/water/proteins

64
Q

What is the cytoplasm doing constantly?

A

Moving

65
Q

What is the approximate pH of the cytoplasm?

A

7

66
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

Ribosomal RNA and protein (not organelles surrounded by membrane)

67
Q

What do the ribosomes do?

A

Carry out protein synthesis

68
Q

Where are the ribosomes free?

A

In the cytosol

69
Q

Where are the ribosomes bound?

A

Outside of ER or nuclear envelope

CELS191 (11 decks)

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