Lecture 4 Flashcards
What is the purpose of preparing an ethical argument?
To present a reasoned and evidence-based stance on a moral issue by applying logic and ethical principles
What is a key difference between an opinion and a strong ethical argument?
A strong argument is supported by logical reasoning and credible evidence, while an opinion may lack justification
What is a premise in an argument?
A statement that provides support or evidence for a conclusion
What is a conclusion in an argument?
The statement or claim that follows logically from the premises
What is a statement in logical reasoning?
A declarative sentence that asserts something to be true or false
What is an argument in logic and philosophy?
A group of statements where some (premises) are intended to support another (the conclusion)
Why is logic important in preparing ethical arguments?
Logic helps ensure that arguments are valid, coherent, and free from fallacies
What is the goal of ethical reasoning?
To determine the best course of action in morally complex situations using facts, values, and principles
What steps are involved in preparing a strong argument?
- Clearly state the claim
- Support it with evidence
- Consider and refute counterarguments
- Use ethical theories and logic
What role does critical thinking play in ethical argumentation?
It allows for objective assessment, reduces bias, and strengthens the quality of reasoning
What is a counterargument?
A reason or evidence that opposes your claim, which should be acknowledged and addressed
What is the value of evaluating sources in argument preparation?
Reliable sources enhance credibility and reduce misinformation or biased reasoning
Why should bias be identified in ethical arguments?
Bias distorts reasoning and weakens the objectivity and fairness of the argument
What is the relationship between evidence and conclusion in an argument?
Conclusions should logically follow from and be supported by credible evidence
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a claim in argumentation?
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for something; a claim is a conclusion being argued for
What does it mean to say that an argument is valid?
That the conclusion logically follows from the premises, even if the premises are not all true
What is a fallacy in reasoning?
An error in logic that undermines the validity of an argument.
What are examples of common fallacies in ethical arguments?
- Ad hominem
- Appeal to popularity
- Strawman
- False dilemma
- Slippery slope
Why is clarity important when stating your argument?
Ambiguous or vague arguments can be misinterpreted and weaken the overall persuasiveness
What is a fact-based opinion in bioethics?
A position on a moral issue that is informed by empirical data and ethical reasoning
What is the importance of considering ethical theories in argument preparation?
They provide structured frameworks (e.g., deontology, utilitarianism) to evaluate right and wrong
Why is it important to distinguish between moral and non-moral issues in bioethics?
Only moral issues involve questions of right and wrong; non-moral issues may involve preferences or logistics
What is the difference between ethical reasoning and emotional reaction?
Ethical reasoning uses logic and evidence; emotional reaction is based on feelings, which may lack rational support
How can you strengthen your ethical argument?
By incorporating diverse perspectives, applying ethical theories, citing strong evidence, and anticipating counterarguments
Why is it problematic to rely solely on “experts” when forming ethical opinions?
Expertise is valuable, but ethical reasoning also requires critical evaluation and the inclusion of broader perspectives
What does Kennedy’s quote imply about ethical reasoning?
“Too often we enjoy the comfort of opinion without the discomfort of thought” emphasizes the need for deep, reflective thinking
What are some practical skills developed by practicing ethical argumentation?
- Logical reasoning
- Critical analysis
- Communication
- Persuasive writing
- Ethical sensitivity
