lecture 4

Question 1

adrenal cortex

Answer 1

 The adrenal cortex is the outer portion of the adrenal gland. Primarily regulate long-term stress responses, metabolism, electrolyte balancing, and sexual development.
 Has three layers

Question 2

Zona glomerulosa (outermost)

Answer 2

 Aldosterone is the primary thing released. The target is the kidneys, and it works by regulating sodium and potassium balances by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion to help control blood pressure and fluid balance.

Question 3

Zona fasciculata (middle)

Answer 3

 Mainly production of glucocorticoids. The primary target is the live, muscles, fat, and the overall immune system. Cortisol (stress hormone) mainly helps in regulation of metabolism by increasing blood glucose, promoting fat breakdown, and suppressing the immune responses.

Question 4

Zona reticularis (innermost)

Answer 4

 Sex hormones (DHEA, and other androgens), with the primary target being the reproductive organs.

Question 5

adrenal medulla

Answer 5

 The adrenal medulla is in the center of the adrenal gland and is surrounded by the adrenal cortex. Primarily responsible for immediate responses and short-term stress responses.

Question 6

adrenal medulla hormones

Answer 6

Secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
 These are involved in the body’s stress response and work to help the fight or flight response function

Question 7

anatomy and location of the pancreas

Answer 7

 The pancreas is in the upper abdomen and is behind the stomach near but below the intestines. It is running transversely across the abdominal wall and is nestled against the duodenum.

Question 8

exocrine and endocrine tissue of the pancreas

Answer 8

 Exocrine tissue – most of the pancreas is composed of exocrine tissue, and is what aids in digestion
 Endocrine tissue – has clusters of cells (Islets of Langerhans), hormone production and excretion

Question 9

insulin in accordance with the pancreas

Answer 9

Insulin – produced by beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, help to lower blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen storage in the liver and in the fat cells. Can also inhibit production of glucose from the liver.

Question 10

glucagon in accordance with the pancreas

Answer 10

Glucagon – produced by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans. Primarily targets the liver the help raise blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis.

Question 11

somatostatin in accordance with the pancreas

Answer 11

Somatostatin – produced by delta cells in the islets of Langerhans. Inhibits release of insulin and glucagon and inhibits secretion of digestive enzymes to help maintain glucose homeostasis.

Question 12

pancreatic polypeptide in accordance with the pancreas

Answer 12

produced by PP cells in the islets of Langerhans. Influences exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. Also plays a role in appetite regulation an GI motility

Question 13

Provide some specific examples of hormones that are secreted from diffuse endocrine tissues or single endocrine cells.

Answer 13

Gastrin (stomach), glucagon and insulin (pancreas), somatostatin (pancreas and stomach), serotonin (gut/GI), neurotensin (intestine)

Question 14

Describe examples of how the endocrine system interacts or connects with other body systems in a direct and unique way.

Answer 14

• the link of the endocrine and nervous systems
  
  • the hypothalamus serves as one of the big links with its role in production of hormones to the body and to the pituitary gland
• the link of the endocrine and immune systems
  
  • the immune system can be influenced by the endocrine systems. cortisol the stress hormone can play into this and the immune systems response to stress
• link of endocrine and digestive systems
  
  • regulates digestion and nutrient metabolism through its hormones

Question 15

Given a factor or situation (e.g., lack of iodine in the diet), predict the changes that could occur in the endocrine system and the consequences of those changes (i.e., given a cause, state a possible effect).

Answer 15

hypothyroidism - this can be from the lack of iodine causing a lack of production of the thyroid hormone
Goiter - because there is a lack of iodine in the diet the body can respond by increasing the release of TSH and the thyroid gland will enlarge trying to compensate for that
Cushing’s syndrome - from stress and long-term exposure to high levels of cortisol

Question 16

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 16

the process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. It’s a metabolic process that occurs in the liver and kidneys of mammals

Question 17

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 17

the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose. It occurs in the liver and muscles when the body needs glucose to produce energy

Question 18

what is glycogen synthase

Answer 18

it converts glucose 1-phosphate to glycogen
- makes glycogen

Question 19

what is glycogen phosphorylate

Answer 19

it converts glycogen to glucose 1-phosphate