lecture #4

Question 1

What four things do water movements effect?

Answer 1

Temperature
Biota
Distribution of dissolved gases and nutrients
Productivity

Question 2

What is diffusion?

Answer 2

Is net movement of molecules from high conc areas to low conc areas, doesn’t involve actual movement of water

Question 3

What is convection?

Answer 3

Is flow arising from density differences

Question 4

What is advection?

Answer 4

is transport of a substance by the bulk movement of a fluid

Question 5

What is laminar flow?

Answer 5

is low velocity of flow, flow path is mostly one directional

Question 6

What is turbulent flow? What does it lead to?

Answer 6

Higher velocity, is disordered and leads to mixing

Question 7

What are the three factors that affect flow types?

Answer 7

Velocity
Density
Viscosity

Question 8

What makes water velocity slow? Where does this occur?

Answer 8

When it interacts with a surface, this happens at the bottom of a river, on rocks, on the shoreline of lakes

Question 9

What is the flow boundary layer?

Answer 9

The outer edge of the region where water changes from laminar to turbulent

Question 10

What effects the thickness of the boundary layer (increases it)?

Answer 10

decreased water velocity
increased roughness of the surface
increased distance from the upstream edge of an object
increased size

Question 11

What organisms utilize this boundary layer? How does it support evolution?

Answer 11

algal mats
invertebrates
more hydrodynamic shapes occurs near the boundary layer

Question 12

How long does it take for turbulent flow to occur?

Answer 12

At one year, large currents happen in 100s of years

Question 13

What are waves?

Answer 13

rise and fall of water involving some oscillation

Question 14

What are currents?

Answer 14

are the net unidirectional flow of water

Question 15

Where do currents occur in a lake?

Answer 15

almost anywhere

Question 16

Where do waves occur in a lake?

Answer 16

At the surface or at the thermocline

Question 17

What contains most of the lakes energy?

Answer 17

currents

Question 18

What is created faster in lakes, currents or waves?

Answer 18

waves

Question 19

How does fetch increase wave height?

Answer 19

More fetch, means more wind hitting lake which means larger waves

Question 20

What are surface seiches? What impacts this?

Answer 20

These happen in enclosed lakes where the whole body of water moves due to wind, fetch and size of lake impacts this

Question 21

What are langmuir circulation cells?

Answer 21

These are currents in which there’s long lines parallel to wind direction but perpendicular to waves. Slow upwelling water and fast downwelling water create circulation and when they converge water flows downward, foam will accumulate at surface that can’t fall downwards including organisms.

Question 22

In what types of winds are langmuir circulation cells created?

Answer 22

light winds

Question 23

What causes Ekman spirals?

Answer 23

Wind and the coriolis effect

Question 24

Where do Ekman spirals occur?

Answer 24

In large lakes and oceans

Question 25

In the northern hemisphere how do ekman spirals move?

Answer 25

they move to the right of the wind

Question 26

What are internal seiches?

Answer 26

These are the main source of deep water movement, they happen around the thermocline and cause it to shift which means there’s mixing between layers, can be caused by thermal stratification and wind

Question 27

Can internal seiches be impacted coriolis?

Answer 27

yes

Question 28

What is the biggest storage of water, list them?

Answer 28

Oceans, then continents, then polar ice

Question 29

Where is the largest transport of water?

Answer 29

between atmosphere and oceans, then between atmosphere and continents, then between continents and ocean, and then between polar ice and ocean and polar ice and atmosphere

Question 30

What is the vadose zone?

Answer 30

unsaturated

Question 31

What is the capillary fringe?

Answer 31

area where groundwater is drawn up into pores by capillary action

Question 32

What is the phreatic zone?

Answer 32

the saturated zone

Question 33

What are the residence times of water ordered?

Answer 33

polar ice, then groundwater, then atmosphere, then land water

Question 34

What are the three types of porosity? Describe them?

Answer 34

Intergranular- found in gravel and sand
Crevice- Foind in igneous rock
solution- found in limestone

Question 35

What is the hyporheic zone?

Answer 35

Has a mix of ground water and river water

Question 36

What are aquifers?

Answer 36

are underground formation of rock/solution where water accumulates and flows

Question 37

Are wells a good measure for studying groundwater?

Answer 37

no amount of eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ greatly in wells versus aquifers

Question 38

What an unconfined versus confined aquifer? How does this relate to artesian wells.

Answer 38

unconfined- doesn’t have an imperable layers on top restricitnf low, confined it does, causes water pressure so you can get well from it