Lecture 4

Question 1

Organisms with a larger surface area relative to their volume (SA:V) are more efficient in….

Answer 1

exchanging materials with their environment

Question 2

To increase surface area for better exchange processes, what do organisms alter?

Answer 2

Their surface area, by convoluting their shape.

Question 3

Animals with diverse methods of obtaining energy, are categorized on what 3 diets?

Answer 3

1. Herbivore
2. Carnivore
3. Omnivore

Question 4

Which of the diets is hard to digest?

Answer 4

Herbivore

Question 5

Which of the diets is easy to digest but hard to find?

Answer 5

Carnivore

Question 6

Which of the diets changes based on availability?

Answer 6

Omnivore

Question 7

Organisms with ________ ______ ______ are more efficient at exchanging materials.

Answer 7

Larger SA:V Ratio

Question 8

Omnivore feeding habits vary with what 2 factors?

Answer 8

1. Stage of Development
2. Seasonal Availability

Question 9

What are the categories of Herbivore tissue consumption?

Answer 9

1, Grazers
2. Browsers
3. Granivores
4. Frugivores
5. Sap-Feeders

Question 10

What is a Ruminant?

Answer 10

Animals that are anatomically specialized for digesting cellulose

Question 11

What is the sodium availability like in terrestrial environments?

Answer 11

Limited

Question 12

What is Sodium nutritionally needed for? (6)

Answer 12

1. Acid-Base Balance
2. Osmotic Homeostasis
3. Nerve Transmission
4. Lactation
5. Growth
6. Maintenance of Body Weight

Question 13

Aquatic animals that face challenges with Oxygen availability have adapted with what? (2)

Answer 13

1. Gills
2. Countercurrent Exchange

Question 14

________ _______ ensures a continuous oxygen gradient, improving oxygen uptake efficiency

Answer 14

Countercurrent Exchange

Question 15

Explain Countercurrent Echange

Answer 15

Water passing over gills flows in a direction opposite to blood flow

-this creates a favourable gradient for oxygen uptake

Question 16

Animals maintain homeostasis through.. (2)

Answer 16

1. Endothermy
2. Ectothermy

Question 17

What is Endothermy?

Answer 17

Generation of heat internally
(warm blooded)

Question 18

What is Ectothermy?

Answer 18

Reliance of external heat sources
(cold blooded)

Question 19

What are Heterotherms?

Answer 19

Using both warm blooded and cold blooded strategies depending on the environmental conditions (Bats, Bees, etc.)

Question 20

What is meant by Homeothermy?

Answer 20

when the internal temperature is independent of external temperature

Question 21

What is meant by Poikilothermy?

Answer 21

when the internal temperature varies considerably

Question 22

Between Endothermy and Ectothermy, which has a lower energy cost?

Answer 22

Ectothermy

Question 23

To conserve heat in a cold environment or cool vital parts under heat stress, organisms use what?

Answer 23

Countercurrent Exchange

Question 24

What are some examples of Mechanisms used to balance water loss and gain?

Answer 24

• Waxy Coatings
• Burrowing
• Producing concentrated urine/feces
• Nocturnal lifestyle

Question 25

Aquatic animals maintain osmotic balance based on their environments via what processes? (2)

Answer 25

1. Hyperosmotic
2. Hypoosmotic

Question 26

What is meant by Hyperosmotic?

Answer 26

salt content is higher in bodies than in surrounding water
(freshwater)

Question 27

What is meant by Hypoosmotic?

Answer 27

salt content is lower in bodies than in surrounding water
(marine)

Question 28

What are adaptations made by aquatic organisms, to water depth?

Answer 28

1. Bioluminescence
2. Swim Bladder
3. Blubber