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Ecology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 constraints of life on land?

A
  1. Desiccation
  2. Gravitational Force
  3. Environmental Variability ; temp/precip
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2
Q

What is meant by desiccation? what is an example of an adaptation to it?

A

Water Loss; waxy leaves to lessen water loss

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3
Q

What is Leaf Area Index? (LAI)

A

the measurement of a leaf area per unit ground

  • higher LAI means less light reaches the ground
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4
Q

What is Beer’s Law?

A

Law describing the reduction of light penetration as it passes through a canopy

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5
Q

The ratio of red to far-red light decreases as it moves through the canopy; this activates what?

A

Phytochrome Pigment System

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6
Q

What is Light Transmittance?

A

The ratio of light energy falling on a body to that transmitted through it (Passage without absorption)

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7
Q

What is PAR?

A

Photosynthetically Active Radiation

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8
Q

What amount of PAR penetrates to the ground in dense forests?

A

Less than 10%

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9
Q

What amount of FR (far-red) radiation reaches the forest floor?

A

More than 10%

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10
Q

What system detects changes in the red to far-red ratio?

A

Phytochrome System

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11
Q

Shade-intolerant plants responds to shading by..

A

elongating their shoots to capture more light and allocate more resources to leaf production instead of roots

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12
Q

Soils acts as a medium for what? (4)

A
  1. Plant Growth
  2. Water Retention
  3. Recycling Nutrients
  4. Habitat for Organisms
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13
Q

Soil formation begins with..

A

the weathering of rocks

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14
Q

What are the 2 kinds of weathering?

A

Mechanical and Chemical

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15
Q

What are the factors influencing soil formation? (4)

A
  1. Parent Material (determines soil properties)
  2. Climate
  3. Topography
  4. Time
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16
Q

Well developed soil takes _____ to _____ years

A

2,000 to 20,000

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17
Q

What are the relevant properties of soil? (5)

A
  1. colour
  2. texture
  3. structure
  4. moisture
  5. depth
18
Q

The colour of soil is an indicator of what?

A

organic content or mineral composition

19
Q

The texture of soil is an indicator of what?

A

particle size (sand, clay, etc)

20
Q

What are the types of Soil Horizons? (4)

A
  1. O horizon
  2. A horizon
  3. B horizon
  4. C horizon
21
Q

What is meant by Field Capacity?

A

the maximum water that soil can hold through capillary forces

22
Q

What is meant by Wilting Point?

A

when plants can no longer extract water

23
Q

What are the Global Water Processes? (5)

A
  1. Interception
  2. Infiltration
  3. Surface Runoff
  4. Transpiration
  5. Evapotranspiration
24
Q

What is the term for:
Water that lands on vegetation or surfaces before hitting the ground

A

Interception

25
Q

What is the term for:
Water entering the soil, (affected by soil type, slope, and vegetation)

A

Infiltration

26
Q

What is the term for:
Water flowing over the ground when soil is saturated

A

SUrface Runoff

27
Q

What is the term for:
Water evaporating from plant surfaces

A

Transpiration

28
Q

What is the term for:
Combined water loss from soil and plants

A

Evapotranspiration

29
Q

What are Aquifers?

A

Underground water storage areas

30
Q

What are the Physical Properties of Water? (2)

A
  1. Polarity
  2. Cohesion
31
Q

What is meant by Water’s Polarity?

A

Water molecule have a partial positive and negative charge

32
Q

Light penetration decreases with depth due to what? (3)

A
  1. reflection
  2. absorption by particles
  3. water
33
Q

What is Thermocline?

A

a layer where temperature drops rapidly with depth

34
Q

What is Fall Turnover?

A

Cold surface waters sink, mixing with deeper waters, redistributing nutrients

35
Q

Oxygen diffuses from the atmosphere into water, which is influenced by what? (3)

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Pressure
  3. Salinity
36
Q

Is Oxygen solubility grater in cold water or warm water?

A

Cold Water

37
Q

Water absorbs carbon dioxide, forming ______ ____ and influences pH

A

Carbonic Acid

38
Q

What is the Buffering System that maintains pH Balance in water?

A

Carbon Dioxide - Acid Bicarbonate System

39
Q

Tides are a result of what?

A

Gravitational pull of the moon and the sun, causing regular water movement in oceans

40
Q

What are Transitional Zones (Estuaries)?

A

Areas were freshwater from rivers, meet saltwater from the sea;
creates a gradient of salinity and a unique environment

Ecology (4 decks)

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