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Ecology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the term for:
Differential success of individuals based on fitness

A

Natural Selection

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2
Q

What is the term for:
An organisms ability to contribute to future generations

A

Fitness

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3
Q

What is the term for:
Long term changes in populations driven by natural selection

A

Evolution

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4
Q

What is the term for:
Traits that evolve to increase fitness

A

Adaptation

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5
Q

What is a Gene Pool?

A

the sum of all genetic information in a population

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6
Q

Genetic Differentiation is qualified using what 2 factors?

A
  1. Allele Frequency
  2. Genotype Frequency
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7
Q

What are the conditions for maintaining constant allele frequencies? (hardy weinberg) (5)

A
  1. Random Mating
  2. No Mutations
  3. Large Population Size
  4. No immigration
  5. Equal Fitness among Genotypes
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8
Q

What are Genetic Drifts?

A

Changes in allele frequencies due to random events

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9
Q

What is Gene Flow?

A

Movement of alleles between populations

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10
Q

Random changes in genes that can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral; are known as what?

A

Mutations

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11
Q

What is a Cline?

A

A gradual change in a phenotypic trait across a geographical area

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12
Q

What is an Ecotype?

A

a locally adapted population with genetic differences, often due to environmental changes

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13
Q

What is Adaptive Radiation?

A

When one species diversifies into multiple species

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14
Q

What is Speciation?

A

The evolution of new species, either through;

  1. geographic isolation (allopatric)
  2. within the same location (sympatric).
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15
Q

What is Phenotypic Plasticity?

A

The ability of organisms to alter their phenotype in response to environmental changes

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16
Q

Photosynthesis consists of light and dark reactions that convert _____ _____ into ______ using sunlight

A

Carbon Dioxide ; Sugats

17
Q

Net Photosynthesis = Photosynthesis - __________

A

Respiration

18
Q

What is LCP?

A

Light Compensation Point;

Light level at which net photosynthesis is zero

19
Q

What is LSP?

A

Light Saturation Point;

Light level beyond which no further increase in photosynthesis occurs

20
Q

What is Photoinhibition?

A

A negative effect of excessive light on photosynthesis

21
Q

Water’s movement through plants is governed by what?

A

Turgor Pressure

22
Q

What is Water-Use Efficiency?

A

Carbon fixed per unit of water lost

23
Q

In aquatic plants, carbon is obtained how?

A

via dissolved CO2 or bicarbonate in water

24
Q

Terrestrial plants obtain carbon how?

A

through its stomata

25
Q

What is the difference between Aquatic Plants and Terrestrial Plants in regard to carbon?

A

Aquatic Plants obtain carbon via dissolves CO2 or Bicarbonate in water,
whereas Terrestrial Plants obtain carbon via the Stomata

26
Q

Photosynthesis increases or decreases with temperature?

A

Increases, but declined if temp gets too high

27
Q

what is Tmin?

A

Minimum temperature for photosynthesis

28
Q

what is Tmax?

A

Maximum temperature for photosynthesis

29
Q

What is Topt?

A

Optimal temperature range for maximum photosynthesis

30
Q

Shade-adapted species have lower photosynthesis rates but offset this with….

A

lower respiration rates.

31
Q

Plants may reduce water loss by… (2)

A
  1. Partially closing stomata during dry conditions
  2. Dropping leaves during drought
32
Q

In wetland environments, challenges like waterlogging and oxygen depletion in the soil arise.
What are 3 plant adaptations to this ?

A
  1. Aerenchyma
  2. Adventitious Roots
  3. Pneumatophores
33
Q

What is the Aerenchyma adaptation?

A

Air-filled tissues that facilitate oxygen transport.

34
Q

What is the Adventitious Roots adaption?

A

Roots that grow above the waterline.

35
Q

What is the Pneumatophores adaptation?

A

Specialized roots that allow gas exchange in waterlogged soils

36
Q

What is meant by Halophytes?

A

Plants adapted to growing in saline environments

Ecology (4 decks)

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