Lecture 4 Flashcards
What is COPD, and what are the causes, symptoms, and treatment goals for it?
Definition: A progressive lung disease causing airflow limitation.
Key Symptoms:
Chronic cough and sputum.
Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
Frequent respiratory infections.
Main Causes:
Cigarette smoking (primary cause).
Other Factors: Air pollution, dust, chemicals, genetic issues.
Treatment Goals:
Relieve symptoms.
Improve quality of life.
Slow disease progression.
Drugs for COPD and Asthma
(Bronchodilators)
Bronchodilators (non-steroidal meds to help people breathe easier by relaxing the muscles in their lungs and winding their airway)
Beta2 Agonists:
Albuterol: Fast relief for acute attacks (short-acting).
Salmeterol: Maintenance therapy (long-acting).
Drugs for COPD and Asthma
Anti-inflammatory Medications
Anti-inflammatory Medications: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to treat pain and fever.
Glucocorticoids:
Prednisone: oral form.
Fluticasone: inhaled form.
What is a beta2 agonist?
a class of drugs that are commonly used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Drugs for COPD and Asthma
Other Medications
Theophylline (methylxanthine).
used to prevent and treat wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness caused by asthma, chronic bronchitis.
Ipratropium (anticholinergic).
Is a bronchodilator that treats lung diseases and airway blockages
Name 3 Inhalation Devices
Metered-dose inhalers (MDIs).
Dry powder inhalers.
Nebulizers.
Allergic Rhinitis (allergies)
Definition: An overreaction to allergens causing nasal inflammation.
Symptoms:
Sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy/watery eyes.
Types:
Seasonal: allergies to pollen.
Perennial: year-round (dust mites, pet dander).
Treatment:
Glucocorticoids: nasal sprays (e.g., fluticasone).
Antihistamines: Oral (e.g., cetirizine).
Common Cold
Definition: A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract.
Symptoms:
Runny nose, sore throat, cough, sneezing, body aches.
Treatment Focus: Symptom relief (no cure).
OTC Remedies:
Nasal Decongestants: Clear nasal congestion.
Cough Medicines: suppress cough.
Analgesics: Reduce pain and fever (e.g., acetaminophen).
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
Definition: Erosion of the stomach lining or intestine.
Causes:
Protective Factors: Mucus, bicarbonate, good blood flow.
Aggressive Factors: H. pylori infection, NSAIDs.
Treatment Goals: Heal the ulcer and reduce symptoms.
Medications:
H2 Receptor Antagonists: (e.g., Cimetidine, Famotidine).
Proton Pump Inhibitors: (e.g., Omeprazole, Esomeprazole).
What are laxatives, and what are the 4 types? What is laxative abuse?
Definition: medications to promote bowel movements.
Types:
Bulk-Forming: Absorb water (e.g., Metamucil).
Surfactant Laxatives: Help water penetrate (e.g., docusate sodium).
Stimulant Laxatives: Increase motility (e.g., bisacodyl).
Osmotic Laxatives: Draw water into the intestines (e.g., lactulose).
Laxative Abuse:
Can lead to dependence and electrolyte imbalances.
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV).
What are the types of nausea?
Anticipatory: Before treatment due to past experiences.
Acute: Within hours of treatment.
Delayed: One day or more after treatment.
What are antiemetic medications used for and name 3 kinds.
An antiemetic is a drug that reduces or prevents nausea and vomiting.
Dopamine antagonists: block receptors in the brain (e.g., metoclopramide).
Substance P/Neurokinin1 Antagonists: Effective for delayed nausea (e.g., apepitant).
Cannabinoids: For severe cases (e.g., dronabinol).
