Lecture 2 Flashcards
What is a muscle spasm?
Involuntary muscle contraction; often painful and limits movement.
What is spasticity?
A CNS movement disorder causing muscle stiffness; commonly seen in conditions like MS and cerebral palsy.
What are the Drugs for Spasticity
dantrolene (Dantrium)
baclofen (Gablofen, Lioresal)
tizanidine (Zanaflex)
diazepam (Valium)
dantrolene (Dantrium)
Type: Direct Acting Muscle Relaxant
MOA: Reduces calcium release in muscles.
Uses: MS, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries.
Side Effects: Gastrointestinal issues.
baclofen (Gablofen, Lioresal)
Type: Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxant
MOA: Suppresses spinal reflexes.
Uses: MS, spinal cord injuries.
Side Effects: GI issues, CNS effects, withdrawal
symptoms.
What is tizanidine used to treat?
spasticity
What is diazepam used to treat?
spasticity and spasms.
cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril, Amrix)
Type: Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxant
MOA: Reduces muscle spasm and pain.
Uses: First choice for acute muscle spasms.
Side Effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue.
Contraindications: Risk of serotonin syndrome with MAOIs; avoid alcohol.
What do local anesthetics
do? What is the most common form, also included? and side effects.
Block pain by inhibiting sodium channels; used for localized pain.
Lidocaine: Most common; available as topical or injectable. Also used for cardiac issues.
Side Effects: Potential systemic toxicity (palpitations, tachycardia).
General Anesthetics
Inhalation anesthetics: These are used for balanced anesthesia (combining several drugs for safer effects).
: Induction of anesthesia, muscle relaxation, analgesia.
Opioids/Narcotics
Terminology: Opioids and narcotics are interchangeable.
Classifications:
Pure Opioid Agonists: Morphine, Fentanyl – provide full pain relief.
Agonist-Antagonist Opioids: buprenorphine, Pentazocine – partial activation to limit side effects.
Pure Opioid Antagonists: Naloxone (Narcan) – reverse effects of opioids.
Opioid Receptors
Mu Receptors:
Functions: Analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression.
Kappa Receptors:
Functions: Analgesia, sedation.
Delta Receptors:
Functions: Not primarily responsible for opioid actions.
Common Side Effects of Opioids
Nausea, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation.
Patient Education when it comes to opioids
Discuss potential side effects and interactions, especially with CNS depressants and MAOIs.
Explain the concept of Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) for managing pain.
