Lecture 4 Flashcards
What is special about methyl mercury
It accumulated in the brain and goes through the gloves
What elements are required for life in all or most species
H
CNO
P S Cl
Se
Na, Mg, K, Ca
Metals from Mn-Zn, Mo
What elements are required for life in only some species
V, Cr, W, Cd
B, F, Si , Br, I
What elements can ribosomally made proteins provide?
How can protiens extend their functionality past this?
H C N O S
Other element can be used to increase function (ex. Iron help hemoglobin bind oxygen)
What are the s p d f orbitals
S takes 2e
P takes 6
D takes 10
F is the lanthanides and actinides rows
What are the metals
What are the metalloids
What are the nonmetals
Al ag bi
As,
CNO
Sometimes Se and sn called metalliods
What is a way to detect metals
What can it detect
ICP-MS
Can detect all metals, metalloids, some non metals (Se S P)
Detects all the metals all at once with high sensitivity
What are sometimes also metalloids
Se (nonmetal) and Sn (metal)
What is special about metals of the same category
They interact the same way with the protien but have different effects on its function
What are metallomics measurements
All metals at once
Where do non essential elements found in humans by ICP Ms come from
What makes some of them toxic
Food that absorbed those elements from the soil
Water/drinks
Environment (smoking/vaping)
Various products (makeup)
Some of these non essential elements are toxic and can bioaccumulate in the body (ex mercury doesn’t just shed out of the body)
What’s an example of a metal in something we consume
Peptobismol has bismuth
The active ingredient is bismuth subsalicylate
What’s an example of a metal in something we put spray on our bodies
Aluminum (al3+) in antiperspirants
Al3+ is toxic in the 3+ form
What’s an example of a metal that has antibacterial effects
What is the name of the topical antibiotic
Silver (ag+), it sheds out very fast and leaches out into environment
Used in wound dressing and burn patients
Silver sulfadiazene is a topical antibiotic , it’s insoluble, slowest releases ag+
Recognize structure of silver sulfadiazene
Ok
What element is used for treatment of leishmania (protozoal parasitic disease)
What are the specific compunds
Antimony (sb)
Meglumine antimoniate (has water at top)
Sodium stibogluconate
These are both pentavalent antimony compounds and need to be given by injection
What is the new treatment for leishmania and why
Miltefosine (mimics lipids)
Because of resistance to antimony
What is an example of a metal that’s used in antimicrobial compounds
Tributyltin (Sn(4)). (Butyl group on tin)
In Industrial biocide,
good for cleaning industrial cooling systems
used as a wood preservative (protects from fungal/bacterial growt)
Used as anti fouling compound on bottom of ships to stop barnacle growth but now it’s banned because too toxic (ex caspasin)
What is special about the oxidation states of metals
Some have many states, some only have 1
The ones with many can be involved in oxidation reduction reactions (Fe, Cu, Mn, Co)
What metals can’t do oxidation reduction reactions
Zn, Mg has only one state (full shells)
Ca (has evolved to bind in different ways, acts like a second messenger)
What are examples of toxic metals and why
Al3+ : looks like Fe3+ which has important roles and can bind to mg2+/ca2+ binding sites in proteins
Be2+: binds to mg2+ binding sites (most toxic)
Cd2+: bind to zinc binding sites
Mercury : in the liver, Hg+ and Hg2+ react to form methyl mercury (toxic)
Pb2+: interferes in activity of enzymes
Radioactive: some metals get into and accumulate in bones in place of ca2+, ex. Strontium from Chernobyl bomb or gattalimiun from x rays
What is the main mechanism of metal for toxicity
Resemble naturally used metals but they cant carry out the same chemical reaction
Some are radioactive and can get into and damage the bone marrow
What is special about selenium (non metal) in regard to toxicity
It’s a required trace element in humans but is toxic at higher concentrations
What is special about arsenic (metalloid) in regard to toxicity
It’s not required in the body but can replace phosphates which is used in metabolism and cause toxicity
As III is reactive with sulfhydryl groups in proteins, causing toxicity
What are examples of inorganic compunds use in clinical practice
Li: treats manic depression
Pt: cytotoxic anti cancer drugs (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin) KNKW STRICTURES
Au: antiarthiritic drugs
Tc : used in medical imaging
Gd : mri relaxation agent to enhance image quality
V: insulin mimetic compunds
