Lecture 4

Question 1

What is special about methyl mercury

Answer 1

It accumulated in the brain and goes through the gloves

Question 2

What elements are required for life in all or most species

Answer 2

H

CNO

P S Cl

Se

Na, Mg, K, Ca

Metals from Mn-Zn, Mo

Question 3

What elements are required for life in only some species

Answer 3

V, Cr, W, Cd

B, F, Si , Br, I

Question 4

What elements can ribosomally made proteins provide?

How can protiens extend their functionality past this?

Answer 4

H C N O S

Other element can be used to increase function (ex. Iron help hemoglobin bind oxygen)

Question 5

What are the s p d f orbitals

Answer 5

S takes 2e

P takes 6

D takes 10

F is the lanthanides and actinides rows

Question 6

What are the metals

What are the metalloids

What are the nonmetals

Answer 6

The ones to the left of the border of Al Sn and bi (inclusive)

Staircase of B to si to ge to Po

Border of C P Se and to the right

Question 7

What is a way to detect metals

What can it detect

Answer 7

ICP-MS

Can detect all metals, metalloids, some non metals (Se S P)

Detects all the metals all at once with high sensitivity

Question 8

What are sometimes also metalloids

Answer 8

Se (nonmetal) and Sn (metal)

Question 9

What is special about metals of the same category

Answer 9

They interact the same way with the protien but have different effects on its function

Question 10

What are metallomics measurements

Answer 10

All metals at once

Question 11

Where do non essential elements found in humans by ICP Ms come from

What makes some of them toxic

Answer 11

Food that absorbed those elements from the soil

Water/drinks

Environment (smoking/vaping)

Various products (makeup)

Some of these non essential elements are toxic and can bioaccumulate in the body (ex mercury doesn’t just shed out of the body)

Question 12

What’s an example of a metal in something we consume

Answer 12

Peptobismol has bismuth

The active ingredient is bismuth subsalicylate

Question 13

What’s an example of a metal in something we put spray on our bodies

Answer 13

Aluminum (al3+) in antiperspirants

Al3+ is toxic in the 3+ form

Question 14

What’s an example of a metal that has antibacterial effects

What is the name of the topical antibiotic

Answer 14

Silver (ag+), it sheds out very fast and leaches out into environment

Used in wound dressing and burn patients

Silver sulfadiazene is a topical antibiotic , it’s insoluble, slowest releases ag+

Question 15

Recognize structure of silver sulfadiazene

Answer 15

Ok

Question 16

What element is used for treatment of leishmania (protozoal parasitic disease)

What are the specific compunds

Answer 16

Antimony (sb)

Meglumine antimoniate (has water at top)

Sodium stibogluconate

These are both pentavalent antimony compounds and need to be given by injection

Question 17

What is the new treatment for leishmania and why

Answer 17

Miltefosine (mimics lipids)

Because of resistance to antimony

Question 18

What is an example of a metal that’s used in antimicrobial compounds

Answer 18

Tributyltin (Sn(4)). (Butyl group on tin)

In Industrial biocide,

good for cleaning industrial cooling systems

used as a wood preservative (protects from fungal/bacterial growt)

Used as anti fouling compound on bottom of ships to stop barnacle growth but now it’s banned because too toxic (ex caspasin)

Question 19

What is special about the oxidation states of metals

Answer 19

Some have many states, some only have 1

The ones with many can be involved in oxidation reduction reactions (Fe, Cu, Mn, Co)

Question 20

What metals can’t do oxidation reduction reactions

Answer 20

Zn, Mg has only one state (full shells)

Ca (has evolved to bind in different ways, acts like a second messenger)

Question 21

What are examples of toxic metals and why

Answer 21

Al3+ : looks like Fe3+ which has important roles and can bind to mg2+/ca2+ binding sites in proteins

Be2+: binds to mg2+ binding sites (most toxic)

Cd2+: bind to zinc binding sites

Mercury : in the liver, Hg+ and Hg2+ react to form methyl mercury (toxic)

Pb2+: interferes in activity of enzymes

Radioactive: some metals get into and accumulate in bones in place of ca2+, ex. Strontium from Chernobyl bomb or gattalimiun from x rays

Question 22

What is the main mechanism of metal for toxicity

Answer 22

Resemble naturally used metals but they can carry out the same chemical reaction

Some are radioactive and can get into and damage the bone marrow

Question 23

What is special about selenium (non metal) in regard to toxicity

Answer 23

It’s a required trace element in humans but is toxic at higher concentrations

Question 24

What is special about arsenic (metalloid) in regard to toxicity

Answer 24

It’s not required in the body but can replace phosphates which is used in metabolism and cause toxicity

As III is reactive with sulfhydryl groups in proteins, causing toxicity

Question 25

What are examples of inorganic compunds use in clinical practice

Answer 25

Li: treats manic depression

Pt: cytotoxic anti cancer drugs (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin) KNKW STRICTURES

Au: antiarthiritic drugs

Tc : used in medical imaging

Gd : mri relaxation agent to enhance image quality

V: insulin mimetic compunds