Lecture 4

Question 1

What is the cell theory

Answer 1

It is a thoery that states that all organisms consist of cells

Question 2

What do Eukaryotes include?

Answer 2

It includes plants, protists and fungi

Question 3

What do Prokaryotes include?

Answer 3

It includes bacteria and arhcae

Question 4

What’s bigger Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Answer 4

Eukaryotes

Question 5

How do prokaryotes divide

Answer 5

Binary fission, no spindle involved

Question 6

What is DNA like in Prokaryotes

Answer 6

It is is circular with no proteins, and in the cytoplasm

Question 7

What is dna like in Eukaryotes?

Answer 7

It is associated with histone(proteins) and formed into chromosomes

Question 8

What structues are always present in Prokaryotes?

Answer 8

The structures that are are always present are cytoplasm, ribsiomes, plasmids, cell wall and cell surface membrance

Question 9

What structure are sometimes present in Prokaryotes?

Answer 9

Flagellum, Pili, Infolding cell surface membrance, and flagellum

Question 10

Why is DNA supercoiled in Prokaryotes

Answer 10

It is tightly fitted so more DNA can be packaged

Question 11

How do internal photosynthetic membranes develop?

Answer 11

They develop from infoldings of plasma membranes

Question 12

What do internal photosynthetic membranes?

Answer 12

They contain enzymes and pigement molecules required for reactions to occur

Question 13

What are organelles

Answer 13

Internal comparments within a cell

Question 14

What is a Flagella

Answer 14

long filaments that rotate to propel the cell

Question 15

What are Fimbriae

Answer 15

They are needle like projects that promote attachment to other cells or surfaces

Question 16

What specialized structures do plant cells have?

Answer 16

Vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell wall

Question 17

What do Vacuoles do

Answer 17

Digest and recycle macro molecules, storage for water and ions, they aref illed with proteins, they contian pigments in flowers and contain noxious componds to protect leaves and stems from beign eaten

Question 18

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 18

It is a double membrane that surrouns the nucleus

Question 19

What is the nuclear lamia

Answer 19

Lattice like sheet of fibrous proteins

Question 20

What is the nucleolus

Answer 20

It is a distinct region where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome subunits are assembled

Question 21

What are Ribosomes?

Answer 21

complex molecular machines that manafacture protein

Question 22

What do ribosomes that are free in cytosol do

Answer 22

They manafacture protein that stay in the cytosol or go to other organelles

Question 23

What do ribosomes that are attached to endoplasmic reticulum do

Answer 23

manafacture proteins that are meant for other stuff

Question 24

What is the endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 24

They are extensive membrane- enclosed factory that is continuous with nuclear envelope

Question 25

What are part of the ER

Answer 25

rough and smooth ER

Question 26

What is the difference between Smooth ER and rough ER

Answer 26

The smooth Er contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids and the rough ER contains ribsomes that are shipped to other orgnaelle, plasma membrnae or secreted out the exterior of the cell

Question 27

What happens after proteins are manafactured on the RER

Answer 27

they move to the lumen and are folded and processed

Question 28

What does the golgi apparatus do

Answer 28

The golgi apparatus processes, sorts and ships proteins that are synthesized in the rough ER

Question 29

What is the Golgi Apparatus formed by?

Answer 29

It is formed by flat membranous sacs called cisternae,

Question 30

What are the parts of the Cisternae?

Answer 30

The cis which is closest to the nucleus recieves products from the rough ER and the rans part that is connected with the plasma membrane ships the products out to other organelles.

Question 31

What are lysoenzymes

Answer 31

They are recylcing centers found in animals cells

Question 32

What is the digestive enzyme inside lysoenzymes called

Answer 32

They are called acid hydrolase

Question 33

What are peroxisomes

Answer 33

They are the center of the reduction-oxidation( redox reactions)

Question 34

What are glycoxysomes

Answer 34

they ar eplant peroxisomes that oxidixe fats to form energy storage compounds

Question 35

What is the mitochonidra

Answer 35

It supplies ATP to cells

Question 36

what are the two membranes of the mitochondria.

Answer 36

The inner membrane is folded into series of sac like cristae and the outer membrane defines the organelles surface

Question 37

What does the mitochondira being prone to fusion and fission mean?

Answer 37

It results in either elongated and barnches structures called mitochondiral networks or multiple individual organelles

Question 38

What is the name of the mitochondrial DNA

Answer 38

mtdna

Question 39

What are the parts of a chloroplast

Answer 39

They have thylakoids, grana and stroma

Question 40

What is the inner most membrane

Answer 40

The innermost memrbane are called thylakoids

Question 41

What are thylakoids arranged in?

Answer 41

They are arranged in stacks called grana

Question 42

Describe the Endosymbiotic theory

Answer 42

it basically suggest that mitochondria and chloroplast were there own cells and fre e living bacteria but were engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotes and were not destroyed because they devloped an endosymbiotic relationship.

Question 42

What are the surroundign strucutres

Answer 42

The stroma

Question 43

What does the nuclear envolope have that helps with nucelar transport

Answer 43

Nuclear pore complexes

Question 44

How do molecules enter the nucleus

Answer 44

They enter the nucleus through nuclear pores and they contain a 17 amino acids long nuclear localization signal(NLS) which marks proteins for tansport through nulcear pore comples

Question 45

Describe the the secretory pathway

Answer 45

Proteins enter the rough ER while being snythesized by ribosomes and is proceesed then proteins exit ER inside a cesicle and neters the cis part of the Golgi and after it eneters the Golgi it is further modifid and after it leaves the golgi in a vesicle it goes to the oplasma membrane and then it secreted from the cell

Question 46

In the pulse chase experiment what si the pulse

Answer 46

It radiolabels cells by exposing cells to modified amino acids for short time

Question 47

What is the chase:

Answer 47

It is when the modified amino acids have been washed away.

Question 48

After pulse where are the new synthesized protein

Answer 48

In the rough ER

Question 49

What is happening during chase

Answer 49

Labeled proteins have left RER and entered the Golgi apparatus.