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BIO 141 Exam > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell theory

A

It is a thoery that states that all organisms consist of cells

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2
Q

What do Eukaryotes include?

A

It includes plants, protists and fungi

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3
Q

What do Prokaryotes include?

A

It includes bacteria and arhcae

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4
Q

What’s bigger Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

How do prokaryotes divide

A

Binary fission, no spindle involved

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6
Q

What is DNA like in Prokaryotes

A

It is is circular with no proteins, and in the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is dna like in Eukaryotes?

A

It is associated with histone(proteins) and formed into chromosomes

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8
Q

What structues are always present in Prokaryotes?

A

The structures that are are always present are cytoplasm, ribsiomes, plasmids, cell wall and cell surface membrance

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9
Q

What structure are sometimes present in Prokaryotes?

A

Flagellum, Pili, Infolding cell surface membrance, and flagellum

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10
Q

Why is DNA supercoiled in Prokaryotes

A

It is tightly fitted so more DNA can be packaged

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11
Q

How do internal photosynthetic membranes develop?

A

They develop from infoldings of plasma membranes

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12
Q

What do internal photosynthetic membranes?

A

They contain enzymes and pigement molecules required for reactions to occur

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13
Q

What are organelles

A

Internal comparments within a cell

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14
Q

What is a Flagella

A

long filaments that rotate to propel the cell

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15
Q

What are Fimbriae

A

They are needle like projects that promote attachment to other cells or surfaces

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16
Q

What specialized structures do plant cells have?

A

Vacuoles, chloroplasts and cell wall

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17
Q

What do Vacuoles do

A

Digest and recycle macro molecules, storage for water and ions, they aref illed with proteins, they contian pigments in flowers and contain noxious componds to protect leaves and stems from beign eaten

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18
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

It is a double membrane that surrouns the nucleus

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19
Q

What is the nuclear lamia

A

Lattice like sheet of fibrous proteins

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20
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

It is a distinct region where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome subunits are assembled

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21
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

complex molecular machines that manafacture protein

22
Q

What do ribosomes that are free in cytosol do

A

They manafacture protein that stay in the cytosol or go to other organelles

23
Q

What do ribosomes that are attached to endoplasmic reticulum do

A

manafacture proteins that are meant for other stuff

24
Q

What is the endoplasmic Reticulum

A

They are extensive membrane- enclosed factory that is continuous with nuclear envelope

25
Q

What are part of the ER

A

rough and smooth ER

26
Q

What is the difference between Smooth ER and rough ER

A

The smooth Er contains enzymes that catalyze reactions involving lipids and the rough ER contains ribsomes that are shipped to other orgnaelle, plasma membrnae or secreted out the exterior of the cell

27
Q

What happens after proteins are manafactured on the RER

A

they move to the lumen and are folded and processed

28
Q

What does the golgi apparatus do

A

The golgi apparatus processes, sorts and ships proteins that are synthesized in the rough ER

29
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus formed by?

A

It is formed by flat membranous sacs called cisternae,

30
Q

What are the parts of the Cisternae?

A

The cis which is closest to the nucleus recieves products from the rough ER and the rans part that is connected with the plasma membrane ships the products out to other organelles.

31
Q

What are lysoenzymes

A

They are recylcing centers found in animals cells

32
Q

What is the digestive enzyme inside lysoenzymes called

A

They are called acid hydrolase

33
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

They are the center of the reduction-oxidation( redox reactions)

34
Q

What are glycoxysomes

A

they ar eplant peroxisomes that oxidixe fats to form energy storage compounds

35
Q

What is the mitochonidra

A

It supplies ATP to cells

36
Q

what are the two membranes of the mitochondria.

A

The inner membrane is folded into series of sac like cristae and the outer membrane defines the organelles surface

37
Q

What does the mitochondira being prone to fusion and fission mean?

A

It results in either elongated and barnches structures called mitochondiral networks or multiple individual organelles

38
Q

What is the name of the mitochondrial DNA

A

mtdna

39
Q

What are the parts of a chloroplast

A

They have thylakoids, grana and stroma

40
Q

What is the inner most membrane

A

The innermost memrbane are called thylakoids

41
Q

What are thylakoids arranged in?

A

They are arranged in stacks called grana

42
Q

Describe the Endosymbiotic theory

A

it basically suggest that mitochondria and chloroplast were there own cells and fre e living bacteria but were engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotes and were not destroyed because they devloped an endosymbiotic relationship.

42
Q

What are the surroundign strucutres

A

The stroma

43
Q

What does the nuclear envolope have that helps with nucelar transport

A

Nuclear pore complexes

44
Q

How do molecules enter the nucleus

A

They enter the nucleus through nuclear pores and they contain a 17 amino acids long nuclear localization signal(NLS) which marks proteins for tansport through nulcear pore comples

45
Q

Describe the the secretory pathway

A

Proteins enter the rough ER while being snythesized by ribosomes and is proceesed then proteins exit ER inside a cesicle and neters the cis part of the Golgi and after it eneters the Golgi it is further modifid and after it leaves the golgi in a vesicle it goes to the oplasma membrane and then it secreted from the cell

46
Q

In the pulse chase experiment what si the pulse

A

It radiolabels cells by exposing cells to modified amino acids for short time

47
Q

What is the chase:

A

It is when the modified amino acids have been washed away.

48
Q

After pulse where are the new synthesized protein

A

In the rough ER

49
Q

What is happening during chase

A

Labeled proteins have left RER and entered the Golgi apparatus.

BIO 141 Exam (4 decks)

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