Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the common functional groups
Hyroxyl, Carbonyl, phospate, amino, and methyl
What is Carbonyl composed of
1 carbon atom, double bonded to oxygen, bonded to hydrogen.
what is Hydroxyl composed of
1 oxygen atom bonded to Hydrogen and a bonded to side chain
What is phospate functional group composed of
I phosphorous molecule bonded to two OHs and double bonded to one O and single bond to another O which is connected to a side chain
What is methyl compose of?
side chain connected to CH3
What is amino group composed of
Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen and side chain
What is a polysaccharide
They are complex sugars, and polymers of monosaccharides
How are the sugars linked in polysacchairdes
they are linked by a condesation reaction between two hydroxyl groups
What two carbons does the linkage usually form between
C1 and C4
What is the linkage between the two hydroxyl groups called
glycosidic linkage
What are the two type of linkages
alpha linkage and beta linkage
what does alpha linakge look like
it looks like a v
what does a beta linkage look like
it looks like an upside down v
What can linkages be broken by
They can be broken by hydrolysis reactions
Why do carbohydrates have more energy than CO2
because electrons in carbohydrate are held more loosely than in CO2, carbohydrates are also more polar than CO2
What are the types of sugars
Monosaccharide, Dissacharide, oligosaccharide, polysacchardie,
What is a Monosaccharide?
A monosaccharide is a single sugar monomer
What is a Dissacharide?
two sugar monomers
what is an oligosaccharide?
a few sugar polymers
What is a polysaccharide?
Large sugar polymers
What is the molecular formula for carbohydrates?
((CH2)n)
what is n in the molecular formula of carbohydrates
It is the amount of carbon hydrated groups, n can range from 3 to over a 1000
what do carbohydrates contain?
They contain a hydroxyl and carbonyl group
What do carbohydrates usually end in
They usually end in ose
how do you distinguish between monosaccarhides?
You distinguish them by the location of there carbonyl group, the number of carbon atoms present, and how the carbonyl group sticks out.
what does the location of the carbonyl group determine
It determines whether its an aldose or ketose, if the carbonyl group is in the middle it is a ketose, if its at the end its an aldose
what does the number of carbon atoms present determine
If there are three carbon atoms its a triose, it there are five present its a pentose, if there are 6 present its a hexose
How do the carbonyl sides stick out
In water sugars form ring structures.
how do plants store sugar
they store sugars as starch
What is amylose?
unbranched starch with some alpha C1-c4 linkage
What is amylopectin
branched starch some alpha c1-c6 linakge, and this linkage happens every 30 monomers.
How does the type of linkages affect the structure of cellulose
Because of the less amount of aplha C1-C6 linkages its less brnached and theirfor more uniform
How do animals store sugars
Animals store sugars as glycogen
what is the structure of glycogen like
Its highly branched due to the high amounts of C1-C6 linkages, these linkages occur every 8-10 monomers, which make glycogen less uniform than cellulose
What is cellulose
It is a strong strcutural polymer that is found in the cell wall of plants
What is the structure of cellulose
The structure of cellulose is that it is made of b-1,4 glycosidic linkages and every other glucose is flipped
What does every other glucose being flipped in cellulose create?
It generates a linear molecule, and allows hydrogen bonding between parallel structures allowing for strong fibers.
What is a chitin
It is strong polymer found in cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects/crustaceans.
What is the monomer of chitin
N-acetylglucosamine
What is the difference between chitin and celulose
It has an acetyl and amino group compared to cellulose which only has hydroxyl group.
what is peptidoglycan
it is a structural protein found in bacterial cell walls
what is the monomer of peptidoglycan
it is a N-acetylglucosamine linked to Nacetylmuramic linked by B1,4 linkages
gram negatvie bacteria
Peptidoglycan is in the inside of the cell and petidoglycan linakge occurs by a peptide bond
gram positive bacteria
Petidoglycan is in the outside and peptidoglycan is linkage occurs through a short interbridge
What makes petidoglyan a good target for vaccines
It is because humans don’t have the functional groups that are in peptidogylcan
How do carbs play in cellular identity
They are used to display on the outersurface of a cell
Glycoproteins
Proteins with attached carbohydrates
Glycolipids
Proteins with attached carbohydrates
What is cell-cell recognition
Cell identify others cells as self
What is cell-cell signaling
Communication between other cells
What is the izumo and juno example of cell identification.
During the process of a sperm cell trying to locate an egg cell, there is a glycoprotein on the surface of the sperm cell that pairs up with Juno glycoprotein and after fusion occurs
What are lipids
carbon containing compounds that are insoluble in water
Why are Lipids insoluble
They are soluble due to high proprtion of nonpolarhydrocarbons
What causes lipids to store more energy
Lack of polar bonds between OH cause to store more energy (have more potential energy.
What are fatty acids
hydrocarbon bonds bonded to carboxyl group, they have 14-20 carbon atoms and can be saturated or unsaturated
What are saturated fats?
They are hydrocarbon chains consisting only between single bonds between carbon
What are unsaturated fats?
They are hydrocarbon chains consisting of one or more double bond
What are Polyunsaturated acids
They have more double bonds
What state are saturated and unsaturated fats in?
Saturated fats are solid and unsaturated fats are liquid.
What are steroids
Bulky four like ring structures.
how do steroids differ from each other?
they have different functional groups
Triglycerides
Fats needed for energy storage
What are the fatty acids linked to the glycerol by in a Triglyceride
Esther linkage
Composition of Triglycerides
Consists of three fatty acids linked to glycerol.
Compared to glycerol how much more energy does Triglycerides have than glycerol.
Triglycerides have twice as much energy as glycerol due to large number of high energy bonds
How do fats form?
A dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group of one glycerol and a carboxyl group of one free fatty acid.
What is a dehydration reaction?
A dehydration reaction is a reaction that results in a loss of water
What is a phospholipids?
A phospholips is a glycerol linked to phosphate and two hydrocarbon chain, and it plays an important role in cell membrane.
What makes phospholipdids unique?
It has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
What does Amphitatic mean?
It means something that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
What does a phospolipid being Amphitatic allow it to do
It gives a selective permeability property meaning : smaller non polar molecules move easily across membrane while larger polar molecules move slowly or not at all.
what is diffusion
Spontaneous movement of molecules across gradient.
What is concentration gradient
A difference in solution concentration
net movement
movement from high concen to low concen
Equilibrium
when molecules are randomly disturbed throughotu solution, no net movement
What is osmosis?
Water moving across bilayers
hypertonic solution
Outside solution with higher concentration
Hypotonic solution
Outside solution has a lower concentration
Isotionic solution
Equal amount of concentration
What are ion channels?
They are specalized membrane proteins the form opening or pores which allow ions to cross membrances
what is an electrochemical gradient:
Occur shwne ions build up one one side of the plasma membrane
How do ions diffuse
They diffuse down there electrochemical gradient(from higher concen to to lower concen)
How are channels descibed
They are very selctive each channel protei permit only particular type of ion or small molecule to pass through it
how is movement regulated
IF the inside of the memrbne is negatively charged relative to the outside of the nucleus, channel is closed, if assymetry is reveresed chanel opens
What are gated chanels
channels that open or close in response to a a signal( change in electrical voltage across membrane
What does cystic fribrosis affect
It affects cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices, secretion become concetrated clogging pathways
What is Cystic fibrosis caused by?
It is caused by a mutation in the transmembrane protein (CFTR) cystic fibrosis condulance transmemebrane protein
What happens in when CFTR is mutated vs when its normal
In normal when activated by ATP the channel opens and allows chloride ions to move across the mebrane, in mutants the channel does not open up, preventing the movement of Chloride ions and water, which causes mucus to build up on the lung eptihelium.
Why is CFTR so common
Because there are over a 1000 mutant alleles and a carrier of one mute allele can fight some infectious dieases and be more rsisited, and it takes two mutant alleles to cause someone to suffer from Cystic fibrosis
