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BIO 141 Exam > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the common functional groups

A

Hyroxyl, Carbonyl, phospate, amino, and methyl

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2
Q

What is Carbonyl composed of

A

1 carbon atom, double bonded to oxygen, bonded to hydrogen.

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3
Q

what is Hydroxyl composed of

A

1 oxygen atom bonded to Hydrogen and a bonded to side chain

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4
Q

What is phospate functional group composed of

A

I phosphorous molecule bonded to two OHs and double bonded to one O and single bond to another O which is connected to a side chain

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5
Q

What is methyl compose of?

A

side chain connected to CH3

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6
Q

What is amino group composed of

A

Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen and side chain

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7
Q

What is a polysaccharide

A

They are complex sugars, and polymers of monosaccharides

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8
Q

How are the sugars linked in polysacchairdes

A

they are linked by a condesation reaction between two hydroxyl groups

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9
Q

What two carbons does the linkage usually form between

A

C1 and C4

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10
Q

What is the linkage between the two hydroxyl groups called

A

glycosidic linkage

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11
Q

What are the two type of linkages

A

alpha linkage and beta linkage

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12
Q

what does alpha linakge look like

A

it looks like a v

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13
Q

what does a beta linkage look like

A

it looks like an upside down v

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14
Q

What can linkages be broken by

A

They can be broken by hydrolysis reactions

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15
Q

Why do carbohydrates have more energy than CO2

A

because electrons in carbohydrate are held more loosely than in CO2, carbohydrates are also more polar than CO2

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16
Q

What are the types of sugars

A

Monosaccharide, Dissacharide, oligosaccharide, polysacchardie,

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17
Q

What is a Monosaccharide?

A

A monosaccharide is a single sugar monomer

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18
Q

What is a Dissacharide?

A

two sugar monomers

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19
Q

what is an oligosaccharide?

A

a few sugar polymers

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20
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Large sugar polymers

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21
Q

What is the molecular formula for carbohydrates?

A

((CH2)n)

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22
Q

what is n in the molecular formula of carbohydrates

A

It is the amount of carbon hydrated groups, n can range from 3 to over a 1000

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23
Q

what do carbohydrates contain?

A

They contain a hydroxyl and carbonyl group

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24
Q

What do carbohydrates usually end in

A

They usually end in ose

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25
Q

how do you distinguish between monosaccarhides?

A

You distinguish them by the location of there carbonyl group, the number of carbon atoms present, and how the carbonyl group sticks out.

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26
Q

what does the location of the carbonyl group determine

A

It determines whether its an aldose or ketose, if the carbonyl group is in the middle it is a ketose, if its at the end its an aldose

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27
Q

what does the number of carbon atoms present determine

A

If there are three carbon atoms its a triose, it there are five present its a pentose, if there are 6 present its a hexose

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28
Q

How do the carbonyl sides stick out

A

In water sugars form ring structures.

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29
Q

how do plants store sugar

A

they store sugars as starch

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30
Q

What is amylose?

A

unbranched starch with some alpha C1-c4 linkage

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31
Q

What is amylopectin

A

branched starch some alpha c1-c6 linakge, and this linkage happens every 30 monomers.

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32
Q

How does the type of linkages affect the structure of cellulose

A

Because of the less amount of aplha C1-C6 linkages its less brnached and theirfor more uniform

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33
Q

How do animals store sugars

A

Animals store sugars as glycogen

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34
Q

what is the structure of glycogen like

A

Its highly branched due to the high amounts of C1-C6 linkages, these linkages occur every 8-10 monomers, which make glycogen less uniform than cellulose

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35
Q

What is cellulose

A

It is a strong strcutural polymer that is found in the cell wall of plants

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36
Q

What is the structure of cellulose

A

The structure of cellulose is that it is made of b-1,4 glycosidic linkages and every other glucose is flipped

37
Q

What does every other glucose being flipped in cellulose create?

A

It generates a linear molecule, and allows hydrogen bonding between parallel structures allowing for strong fibers.

38
Q

What is a chitin

A

It is strong polymer found in cell walls of fungi and exoskeleton of insects/crustaceans.

39
Q

What is the monomer of chitin

A

N-acetylglucosamine

40
Q

What is the difference between chitin and celulose

A

It has an acetyl and amino group compared to cellulose which only has hydroxyl group.

41
Q

what is peptidoglycan

A

it is a structural protein found in bacterial cell walls

42
Q

what is the monomer of peptidoglycan

A

it is a N-acetylglucosamine linked to Nacetylmuramic linked by B1,4 linkages

43
Q

gram negatvie bacteria

A

Peptidoglycan is in the inside of the cell and petidoglycan linakge occurs by a peptide bond

44
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

Petidoglycan is in the outside and peptidoglycan is linkage occurs through a short interbridge

45
Q

What makes petidoglyan a good target for vaccines

A

It is because humans don’t have the functional groups that are in peptidogylcan

46
Q

How do carbs play in cellular identity

A

They are used to display on the outersurface of a cell

47
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Proteins with attached carbohydrates

48
Q

Glycolipids

A

Proteins with attached carbohydrates

49
Q

What is cell-cell recognition

A

Cell identify others cells as self

50
Q

What is cell-cell signaling

A

Communication between other cells

51
Q

What is the izumo and juno example of cell identification.

A

During the process of a sperm cell trying to locate an egg cell, there is a glycoprotein on the surface of the sperm cell that pairs up with Juno glycoprotein and after fusion occurs

52
Q

What are lipids

A

carbon containing compounds that are insoluble in water

53
Q

Why are Lipids insoluble

A

They are soluble due to high proprtion of nonpolarhydrocarbons

54
Q

What causes lipids to store more energy

A

Lack of polar bonds between OH cause to store more energy (have more potential energy.

55
Q

What are fatty acids

A

hydrocarbon bonds bonded to carboxyl group, they have 14-20 carbon atoms and can be saturated or unsaturated

56
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

They are hydrocarbon chains consisting only between single bonds between carbon

57
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

They are hydrocarbon chains consisting of one or more double bond

58
Q

What are Polyunsaturated acids

A

They have more double bonds

59
Q

What state are saturated and unsaturated fats in?

A

Saturated fats are solid and unsaturated fats are liquid.

60
Q

What are steroids

A

Bulky four like ring structures.

61
Q

how do steroids differ from each other?

A

they have different functional groups

62
Q

Triglycerides

A

Fats needed for energy storage

63
Q

What are the fatty acids linked to the glycerol by in a Triglyceride

A

Esther linkage

64
Q

Composition of Triglycerides

A

Consists of three fatty acids linked to glycerol.

65
Q

Compared to glycerol how much more energy does Triglycerides have than glycerol.

A

Triglycerides have twice as much energy as glycerol due to large number of high energy bonds

66
Q

How do fats form?

A

A dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group of one glycerol and a carboxyl group of one free fatty acid.

67
Q

What is a dehydration reaction?

A

A dehydration reaction is a reaction that results in a loss of water

68
Q

What is a phospholipids?

A

A phospholips is a glycerol linked to phosphate and two hydrocarbon chain, and it plays an important role in cell membrane.

69
Q

What makes phospholipdids unique?

A

It has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

70
Q

What does Amphitatic mean?

A

It means something that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

71
Q

What does a phospolipid being Amphitatic allow it to do

A

It gives a selective permeability property meaning : smaller non polar molecules move easily across membrane while larger polar molecules move slowly or not at all.

72
Q

what is diffusion

A

Spontaneous movement of molecules across gradient.

73
Q

What is concentration gradient

A

A difference in solution concentration

74
Q

net movement

A

movement from high concen to low concen

75
Q

Equilibrium

A

when molecules are randomly disturbed throughotu solution, no net movement

76
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Water moving across bilayers

77
Q

hypertonic solution

A

Outside solution with higher concentration

78
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Outside solution has a lower concentration

79
Q

Isotionic solution

A

Equal amount of concentration

80
Q

What are ion channels?

A

They are specalized membrane proteins the form opening or pores which allow ions to cross membrances

81
Q

what is an electrochemical gradient:

A

Occur shwne ions build up one one side of the plasma membrane

82
Q

How do ions diffuse

A

They diffuse down there electrochemical gradient(from higher concen to to lower concen)

83
Q

How are channels descibed

A

They are very selctive each channel protei permit only particular type of ion or small molecule to pass through it

84
Q

how is movement regulated

A

IF the inside of the memrbne is negatively charged relative to the outside of the nucleus, channel is closed, if assymetry is reveresed chanel opens

85
Q

What are gated chanels

A

channels that open or close in response to a a signal( change in electrical voltage across membrane

86
Q

What does cystic fribrosis affect

A

It affects cells that produce mucus, sweat and digestive juices, secretion become concetrated clogging pathways

87
Q

What is Cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

It is caused by a mutation in the transmembrane protein (CFTR) cystic fibrosis condulance transmemebrane protein

88
Q

What happens in when CFTR is mutated vs when its normal

A

In normal when activated by ATP the channel opens and allows chloride ions to move across the mebrane, in mutants the channel does not open up, preventing the movement of Chloride ions and water, which causes mucus to build up on the lung eptihelium.

89
Q

Why is CFTR so common

A

Because there are over a 1000 mutant alleles and a carrier of one mute allele can fight some infectious dieases and be more rsisited, and it takes two mutant alleles to cause someone to suffer from Cystic fibrosis

BIO 141 Exam (4 decks)

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