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Soils and Biogeography > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Soil classifications are made based on……

A

properties and behavior of soil

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2
Q

Soil classification is like a language between engineers. True?

A

Yes

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3
Q

The two types of scientific classification systems are ……

A

those based on processes of soil development and those based on quantifiable characteristics of the soils.

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4
Q

Soil classification has elements of both of its types. These are sometimes referred to as ……

A

comprehensive systems

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5
Q

Classification of earth materials for engineering purposes used ………….. which is based on a combination of physical and behavioral properties.

A

Unified Soil Classification Systems (USCS)

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6
Q

An ingenious feature of ………..the differentiation of silts an clays by means of ……….

A

USCS, plasticity chart

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7
Q

American association of state highway and transportation officials is used as a guide for classification of soils and ………

A

soil aggregate mixtures for highway construction purposes.

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8
Q

AASHTO does not classify soul by type but divides them into ……….major groups essentially classifying soils according to their suitability as sub grades.

A

seven

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9
Q

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) classification of soils for ………

A

airport construction

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10
Q

Textural soil classification system defined ……….. major soil texture classifications.

A

12

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11
Q

The food and agriculture organization of united nation (FAO) developed ………..classification which offers useful generalizations about ……….in relation to the interactions between mail soil forming factors.

A

supra-national, pedogenesis

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12
Q

Interim Ghana Soil Classification systems was developed in the …….

A

late 1950’s

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13
Q

United States Department of Agriculture Soil Taxonomy first published in ……. provides an elaborate classification of soil types in several levels namely……

A

1975, order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family

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14
Q

The USCS was first developed by …….for the purpose of airfield construction during the……..

A

Professor A Casagrande (1948), WWII

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15
Q

USCS was modified later by Professor Casagrande, the US Bureau of Reclamation and the US Army Corps of Engineers to……

A

enable the system to be applicable to dams, foundations and other construction

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16
Q

Four major divisions of USCS

A
  1. Coarse grained
  2. Fine grained
  3. Organic soils
  4. Peat
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17
Q

Tests required for the classification of soil are…..

A
  1. liquid and plastic limit tests
  2. Particle size analysis test
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18
Q

Broad classification includes two types namely……

A

Fine grained and coarse grained soil

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19
Q

Soil is classified into …….groups

A

15

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20
Q

Each soil classification group is designated a symbol consisting of two capital letters. The first letter is based on ……….. and the second is based on ……… and ……….

A

Main soil type and gradation and plasticity

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21
Q

Major soils of the world are……… based on USDA Soil Taxonomy

A

12

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22
Q

…………. are young soils that do not show any profile development other than the A horizon.

A

Entisols

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23
Q

Entisols are found on …….. slopes

A

steep, rocky

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24
Q

Entisols occur in ……. and ……. regions.

A

desert and tundra

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25
Q

Some ……. are found on fresh deposits from rivers, glaciers and sand dunes.

A

Entisols

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26
Q

May be difficult for plants to obtain nutrients from entisols true or false?

A

true

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27
Q

Entisols of …….. are good for crop cultivation.

A

Large river valleys and associated shore deposits.

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28
Q

……….are more developed than entisols but still lack most of the features of older soils.

A

Inceptisols

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29
Q

Inceptisols contain enough moisture to support plant for at least ……..

A

Three months of the year

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30
Q

Inceptisols are found on ………….

A

fairly steep slopes and resistant parent materials

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31
Q

Some inceptisols are found on floodplains……true?

A

yes

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32
Q

Inceptisols developed on floodplains can support the the cultivation of crops while those found in mountainous areas are ……..

A

often used for forestry, watershed and recreation.

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33
Q

………… are wet soils that contain high levels of organic matter.

A

Histosols

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34
Q

Histosols are often referred to as ……

A

peats

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35
Q

……….. are extremely weathered soils that occur in the tropical moist climate zones and under the tropical rainforest.

A

Oxisols

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36
Q

Oxisols are heavily leached. True or false?

A

True

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37
Q

……….are highly leached acid forest soils found in humid temperate and tropical areas of the world.

A

Ultisols

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38
Q

Without the use of fertilizer and lime, ultisols are poorly suited for continuous agriculture due to ……

A

high acidity and relatively low quantities of nutrients.

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39
Q

Soils with very high content of clay are called ……..

A

Vertisols

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40
Q

Vertisols often develop under …………..

A

savannah vegetation in tropical and subtropical climates.

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41
Q

Vertisols during the dry season ……….while in the wet season it is ………..

A

shrinks and deep wide cracks occurs, sticky and swells or expands

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42
Q

Vertisols look like they occur during…….

A

drought

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43
Q

When irrigation is available, vertisols can supports the cultivation of ……..

A

rice

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44
Q

This type of soil is moderately leached and is primarily found in temperate humid and subhumid regions of the world. What is it??

A

Alfisols

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45
Q

Alfisols develop under ……….

A

forests and moved forest-grassland

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46
Q

Alfisols are very productive soils for agriculture. True?

A

Yes

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47
Q

I have a light-colored E horizon and B horizon contains an accumulation of illuminated humus, iron and aluminum. Who am I?

A

Spodosols

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48
Q

Spodosols often occur under……

A

coniferous forest in cool moist climates.

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49
Q

Spodosols are ………and…….. in nutrients

A

acidic and low

50
Q

Mollisols develop on ……..

A

loess, limestone and wind-blown sand

51
Q

Mollisols are commonly found under ….

A

grassland vegetation

52
Q

Aridisols are …..

A

dry soils with distinct horizon

53
Q

Andisols are …….

A

young soils formed on fresh deposits of volcanic ash

54
Q

……. are very fertile and support intensive cropping.

A

Andisols

55
Q

Andisol areas are often used for the cultivation of …….

A

fruits, tea, maize, coffee, tobacco

56
Q

………. are soils of extremely cold climates that contain permafrost within 2 meters of the surface.

A

Gelisols

57
Q

Gelisols are commonly found in ……

A

Alaska, Canada and Siberia
PS; obviously found in cold regions

58
Q

Low temperatures causes decomposition of organic materials to proceed very slowly in

A

Gelisols

59
Q

Organic matter accumulates in the upper layer of gelisols giving it a ……………. color.

A

black or dark brown

60
Q

Gelisols are very fertile. True?

A

No

61
Q

Ghana Soil Classification System recognizes the following levels….

A

order, suborder, soil group family, Great soil group, great soil subgroup and soil series

62
Q

Forest Oxysols are found under the …..

A

rainforest in South Western part of Ghana.

63
Q

Forest oxysols are formed over wide range of highly weathered parent materials notably ……….

A

Granite, Tarkwaian and Birimian rocks.

64
Q

Oxysols have matured profiles and their color ranges from……

A

brown to orange

65
Q

Most oxysols are ……..

A

loamy and well drained

66
Q

Organic matter content of Oxysols is lower than those of ………

A

forest ochrosols

67
Q

Forest oxysols are ……..

A

strongly acidic

68
Q

Forest oxysols are only good for the cultivation of acid tolerant tree crops such as ……

A

coconut, coffee, oil palm and rubber

69
Q

Forest ochrosols are the main soils found under the ……..

A

moist semi-deciduous forest.

70
Q

Forest Ochrosols are also going in portions of forest-savannah transition afro-ecological zones. True?

A

Yes

71
Q

The characteristics of Forest Oxysols are similar to forest ochrosols. True or false?

A

True

72
Q

Rainfall in regions with forest ochrosols are not as high as those with forest oxysols. True or false.

A

True

73
Q

Ochrosols are not as highly leached as oxysols. True or false.

A

True

74
Q

Forest ochrosols tend to contain higher quantities of nutrients and are also relatively less…..

A

acidic

75
Q

Since Forest Ochrosols are relatively less acidic, what is the suitability for cultivation?

A

They are suitable for the cultivation of wide range of crops.

76
Q

Common tree crops that can be cultivated on ochrosols are ……

A

cocoa, oil palm, rubber, and citrus.

77
Q

Ochrosols can also support food crops such as ….

A

cassava, plantain, yams, maize

78
Q

The term intergrade means ……

A

intermediate in grade

79
Q

The Ochrosol-Oxysol inter grades occupy areas between the ……

A

Forest Ochrosol and forest oxysol

80
Q

Rubrisol-Ochrosol intergrades are found within the ……..

A

forest ochrosol region

81
Q

Rubrisol-ochrosol intergrades are among the best soils in Ghana. True?

A

Yes

82
Q

Savanna Ochrosols are similar to forest ochrosols except……

A

they are found in savanna areas with semi-arid climatic conditions.

83
Q

What is the main difference between Savanna ochrosols and forest ochrosols?

A

SO have less nutrient levels and are less acidic than FO.

84
Q

Savanna Ochrosols can be divided into …..

A

Red and Yellow Savanna Ochrosols

85
Q

Savanna Ochrosols are good for cultivation although their nutrient levels aren’t as high as the forest ochrosols. True or false?

A

True

86
Q

Savanna Ochrosols are ………… acidic.

A

less

87
Q

The bulk of Ghana’s food crops are grown on……

A

Savanna Ochrosols

88
Q

The major factors that militate against crop production on Savanna Ochrosols are

A

low nutrients and moisture levels

89
Q

The most extensive soil group in the interior wooded savanna zone is ……..

A

Groundwater laterite

90
Q

Groundwater laterite cover about ……… of the interior wooded savanna zone.

A

75%

91
Q

Groundwater laterites are developed over ………

A

Voltaian Shales and Granites

92
Q

The cemented layer of ironstone below the the surface of ground water laterites is referred to as ……

A

Iron pan

93
Q

Iron pan is a hard layer which makes it difficult for water to pass through the soil. True ?

A

yes

94
Q

The color of soil in groundwater laterites ranges from……..

A

pale brown to pale grey.

95
Q

Groundwater laterites are generally poor in nutrients and in…..

A

organic matter

96
Q

The agricultural potential of groundwater laterite is ………..

A

limited by the abundance of iron pan

97
Q

Crops cultivated on groundwater laterites are ……

A

millet, maize, groundnut and cowpea

98
Q

Tropical Black Clays are also known as

A

Akuse soils

99
Q

Tropical black clays are mostly found in …….

A

Coastal Savanna Zone.

100
Q

Tropical black clays are developed over ……

A

basic gneiss in the Accra-Ho-Keta plains.

101
Q

Tropical black clays are generally……during the rainy season.

A

wet and sticky

102
Q

Tropical black clays become …….. in the dry season.

A

hard and develop wide cracks

103
Q

Sugar cane and rice are the main crops on the ……

A

tropical black clays

104
Q

Tropical grey earths are commonly found in the ……… of Ghana

A

coastal savanna zone

105
Q

Topical grey earths develop in ……..slopes.

A

lower

106
Q

Tropical grey earths consists of a thin layer of ………

A

grey sand overlying clay plan (very hard clay)

107
Q

Tropical grey earths are similar to tropical black clays to some extent. The main difference is that …..

A

the grey soils are slightly acid

108
Q

The topsoils of tropical grey earths are very low in nutrients and the subsoils which are richer in nutrients………

A

are not accessible to plant roots

109
Q

Tropical Grey earths are mostly used as

A

open grazing fields

110
Q

Sodium Vleisols are alkaline soils found in areas around …….

A

salty coastal lagoons and creeks of lower end of the Volta River

111
Q

Sodium Vleisols are ………….in color

A

black or dark grey

112
Q

Sodium Vleisols are clayey soils that necked sticky in the rainy season. True?

A

yes

113
Q

Sodium Vleisols are not very suitable for crop production. True?

A

yes

114
Q

Sugarcane is cultivated on ……..

A

sodium vleisols around the lower volta basin

115
Q

Lithosols are …….

A

very shallow soils formed on steep slopes.

116
Q

Lithosols have very little agricultural value. True?

A

yes

117
Q

Alluviosols develop along the borders of ……

A

rivers and streams

118
Q

The top soils of alluviosols are generally….

A

sandy, loamy or clayey

119
Q

Sugarcane is also cultivated on alluviosols. False?

A

no

120
Q

Alluviosols are locally used for ……

A

wetland rice

121
Q

Organic matter content of oxysols are …… than those of forest ochrosols

A

lower

Soils and Biogeography (9 decks)

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