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Soils and Biogeography > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parent material?

A

It is the hard rock or an unconsolidated deposit on which soil develops.

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2
Q

Bedrock, rock fragments, volcanic ash, and sediments of waters wind and or ice are all examples of…

A

Patent material

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3
Q

Parent material determines the…

A

rate of weathering and the rate at which soil formation occurs.

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4
Q

The process of soil formation is quicker on…

A

Parent material that is soft and more permeable to water.

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5
Q

Parent material which has moved down a slope under the influence of gravity is referred to as…

A

Colluvium

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6
Q

Parent material laid down by running water is known as

A

Alluvium

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7
Q

Parent materials under sea are known as

A

Marine deposits

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8
Q

Material deposited by wind is known as

A

Loess

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9
Q

An analysis of climate involves both

A

Global or macroclimatic and local or microclimatic considerations

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10
Q

What is the most important single factor responsible for the formation and development of soil?

A

Climate

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11
Q

The key components of climate that influence soil formation are…

A

temperature and precipitation

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12
Q

There is a relationship between major soil types and major climatic zones, true or false?

A

True

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13
Q

Precipitation is basically…

A

Moisture

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14
Q

Both temperature and precipitation directly influence the rate at which parent material weathers to produce soil. True or False.

A

True

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15
Q

Soils in warm moist climatic zones where both temperature and precipitation are high is…

A

Deep soils

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16
Q

Shallow soils are found in…

A

deserts

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17
Q

The main components of biota include…

A

Flora, Fauna and Micro Organisms

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18
Q

Man is not a biotic factor. True or False

A

False

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19
Q

Chernozem is a black-colored soil containing a very high percentage of humus is usually found in….

A

Temperate grassland zones of the world

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20
Q

The ______ created by roots influence water movement in the soil.

A

Passages

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21
Q

Vegetation contributes to ______

A

Nutrient cycling

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22
Q

Living organisms upon their deaths return nutrients to the soil to be taken up again by other plants and animals. What is this process called?

A

Nutrient cycling

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23
Q

Vegetation does not protect the upper layers of soil from erosion. True or False?

A

False

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24
Q

A system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment is called…..

A

Nutrient Cycle

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25
Where animals and plants consume nutrients found in soil and are released back upon their death or decomposition is called….
Nutrients cycling
26
Earthworms, insects, nematodes, arthropods and rodents are all examples of…
Fauna
27
Earthworms drill tunnels that increase a soil’s porosity, water-holding capacity and infiltration through a process called?
Burrowing
28
Micro organisms also known as
Microbes
29
Microorganisms are visible to the naked eye. True or False
False
30
Microbes constitute the largest and most diverse biotic group in soil. True or False
True
31
Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Actinomycetes and soil enzymes are all inclusions of…
Soil Microorganisms
32
Soil Microorganisms aid soil structure by physically _____ soil particles together through ________of organic compounds, mainly _____
Gluing, secretion, sugars
33
Which horizon has microbial populations as the greatest?
A horizon
34
What is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
Rhizobia
35
What does Rhizobia do?
It converts nitrogen to ammonia
36
Protozoa and Fungi break down….
organic matter
37
Many fungi have long thin thread-like extensions called…..
Hyphae
38
What part of the fungi physically binds soil particles?
Hyphae
39
Man influences soil development through….
farming activities and urban development
40
Actinomycetes have hyphae similar to…..
fungi
41
Actinomycetes is an order of …….
Filamentous or rod-shaped bacteria
42
The angle and length of a slope is referred to as
Topography
43
The nature of a slope influences runoff and water infiltration. True or False
True
44
The rate at which water enters soil is called….
water infiltration
45
Topography influences…..
soil drainage
46
Soils developing on gentle slopes are often better drained than those developing on in a valley. True or False?
True
47
______influences the deposition of soil material in suspension.
Slope
48
The deposition of soil material in suspension influences…..
texture
49
Coarse-textured soils are usually found near….
the base of a mountain
50
Fine textured souls are located…..
further away from the mountain
51
_______________orientation affects the microclimate of a place.
Hill slope
52
Within the hill slope area, slopes facing the sun directly are ________ than those not directly facing the sun.
warmer and drier
53
South facing slopes tend to be _______than north facing slopes in the ________
warmer and drier, northern hemisphere
54
A sequence of soils down a slope where each facet is slightly different from but linked to adjacent facets is referred to as
Catena
55
Catena is a latin word for…….
chain
56
According to _______time influences soil in _____ ways.
Gunwald (2009), two
57
What are the two ways in which time influences soil formation is ________
1. The value of a soil-forming factor may change with time 2. The extent of a pedogenetic process dele need a in the time in which it has operated
58
____________soils are those that have formed under one set of factor values for a certain period of time.
Monogenetic
59
_________soils are those that have formed under more than one set of factor values.
Polygenetic
60
The nature of a soil’s profile depends on how long the soil formation processes have been occurring. True or false
True
61
Old soils have better profiles but there may be an exception. Yes or no
Yes

Soils and Biogeography (9 decks)

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