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Soils and Biogeography > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parent material?

A

It is the hard rock or an unconsolidated deposit on which soil develops.

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2
Q

Bedrock, rock fragments, volcanic ash, and sediments of waters wind and or ice are all examples of…

A

Patent material

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3
Q

Parent material determines the…

A

rate of weathering and the rate at which soil formation occurs.

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4
Q

The process of soil formation is quicker on…

A

Parent material that is soft and more permeable to water.

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5
Q

Parent material which has moved down a slope under the influence of gravity is referred to as…

A

Colluvium

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6
Q

Parent material laid down by running water is known as

A

Alluvium

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7
Q

Parent materials under sea are known as

A

Marine deposits

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8
Q

Material deposited by wind is known as

A

Loess

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9
Q

An analysis of climate involves both

A

Global or macroclimatic and local or microclimatic considerations

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10
Q

What is the most important single factor responsible for the formation and development of soil?

A

Climate

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11
Q

The key components of climate that influence soil formation are…

A

temperature and precipitation

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12
Q

There is a relationship between major soil types and major climatic zones, true or false?

A

True

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13
Q

Precipitation is basically…

A

Moisture

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14
Q

Both temperature and precipitation directly influence the rate at which parent material weathers to produce soil. True or False.

A

True

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15
Q

Soils in warm moist climatic zones where both temperature and precipitation are high is…

A

Deep soils

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16
Q

Shallow soils are found in…

A

deserts

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17
Q

The main components of biota include…

A

Flora, Fauna and Micro Organisms

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18
Q

Man is not a biotic factor. True or False

A

False

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19
Q

Chernozem is a black-colored soil containing a very high percentage of humus is usually found in….

A

Temperate grassland zones of the world

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20
Q

The ______ created by roots influence water movement in the soil.

A

Passages

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21
Q

Vegetation contributes to ______

A

Nutrient cycling

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22
Q

Living organisms upon their deaths return nutrients to the soil to be taken up again by other plants and animals. What is this process called?

A

Nutrient cycling

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23
Q

Vegetation does not protect the upper layers of soil from erosion. True or False?

A

False

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24
Q

A system where energy and matter are transferred between living organisms and non-living parts of the environment is called…..

A

Nutrient Cycle

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25
Q

Where animals and plants consume nutrients found in soil and are released back upon their death or decomposition is called….

A

Nutrients cycling

26
Q

Earthworms, insects, nematodes, arthropods and rodents are all examples of…

A

Fauna

27
Q

Earthworms drill tunnels that increase a soil’s porosity, water-holding capacity and infiltration through a process called?

A

Burrowing

28
Q

Micro organisms also known as

A

Microbes

29
Q

Microorganisms are visible to the naked eye. True or False

A

False

30
Q

Microbes constitute the largest and most diverse biotic group in soil. True or False

A

True

31
Q

Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, Actinomycetes and soil enzymes are all inclusions of…

A

Soil Microorganisms

32
Q

Soil Microorganisms aid soil structure by physically _____ soil particles together through ________of organic compounds, mainly _____

A

Gluing, secretion, sugars

33
Q

Which horizon has microbial populations as the greatest?

A

A horizon

34
Q

What is a nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

A

Rhizobia

35
Q

What does Rhizobia do?

A

It converts nitrogen to ammonia

36
Q

Protozoa and Fungi break down….

A

organic matter

37
Q

Many fungi have long thin thread-like extensions called…..

A

Hyphae

38
Q

What part of the fungi physically binds soil particles?

A

Hyphae

39
Q

Man influences soil development through….

A

farming activities and urban development

40
Q

Actinomycetes have hyphae similar to…..

A

fungi

41
Q

Actinomycetes is an order of …….

A

Filamentous or rod-shaped bacteria

42
Q

The angle and length of a slope is referred to as

A

Topography

43
Q

The nature of a slope influences runoff and water infiltration. True or False

A

True

44
Q

The rate at which water enters soil is called….

A

water infiltration

45
Q

Topography influences…..

A

soil drainage

46
Q

Soils developing on gentle slopes are often better drained than those developing on in a valley. True or False?

A

True

47
Q

______influences the deposition of soil material in suspension.

A

Slope

48
Q

The deposition of soil material in suspension influences…..

A

texture

49
Q

Coarse-textured soils are usually found near….

A

the base of a mountain

50
Q

Fine textured souls are located…..

A

further away from the mountain

51
Q

_______________orientation affects the microclimate of a place.

A

Hill slope

52
Q

Within the hill slope area, slopes facing the sun directly are ________ than those not directly facing the sun.

A

warmer and drier

53
Q

South facing slopes tend to be _______than north facing slopes in the ________

A

warmer and drier, northern hemisphere

54
Q

A sequence of soils down a slope where each facet is slightly different from but linked to adjacent facets is referred to as

A

Catena

55
Q

Catena is a latin word for…….

A

chain

56
Q

According to _______time influences soil in _____ ways.

A

Gunwald (2009), two

57
Q

What are the two ways in which time influences soil formation is ________

A
  1. The value of a soil-forming factor may change with time
  2. The extent of a pedogenetic process dele need a in the time in which it has operated
58
Q

____________soils are those that have formed under one set of factor values for a certain period of time.

A

Monogenetic

59
Q

_________soils are those that have formed under more than one set of factor values.

A

Polygenetic

60
Q

The nature of a soil’s profile depends on how long the soil formation processes have been occurring. True or false

A

True

61
Q

Old soils have better profiles but there may be an exception. Yes or no

A

Yes

Soils and Biogeography (9 decks)

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