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Microbiology Final Exam Prep > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which Gram (+) cocci is carried in the anterior nares, axilla, perineum, and hands?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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2
Q

What are the preventative measures to take for Staphylococcus aureus?

A

-Handwashing
-Education of health personnel
-Aseptic technique in ER and OR wound precaution

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3
Q

Which Gram (+) cocci shows up as pustules, boils, conjunctivitis, styes, otitis etc.

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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4
Q

What are the complications of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Pneumonia, osteomyelitis, septicemia, endocarditis

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5
Q

What are the toxins present in Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Cytotoxins
Haemolysins
Enterotoxin (A-E) (G-I)
Exfoliative
TSS

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6
Q

Which gram (+) cocci is found in 15% of the health population?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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7
Q

Describe the appearance of Staphylococci.

A

1 um in diameter
Grape-like clusters

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8
Q

Which Staphylococci species are the most important for humans?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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9
Q

How is Staphylococcus aureus grown?

A

Simple media-blood agar
2-3mm colonies in 24 hrs at 37degrees

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10
Q

What toxin can be described as a super antigen and is an important cause of food poisoning symptoms such as nausea, cramps, and diarrhea?

A

Enterotoxin (A-E) (G-I)

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11
Q

What toxin causes scalded skin syndrome in infants?

A

Exfoliative toxins (ETA, ETB)

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12
Q

What was the previous name(s) for TSS toxin?

A

Pyrogenic exotoxin c and exotoxin f

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13
Q

What enzymes are involved in Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Beta-lactamase (penicillinase)
Coagulase (Coagulation of fibrin)
Hyaluronidase
Staphylokinase

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14
Q

What test is used for the main identification of Staphylococcus aureus?

A

Coagulase Test

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15
Q

What is Staphylococcus aureus an important cause of?

A

acquired nosocomial infections

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16
Q

What is the role of bacteriophage types in staphylococcus aureus?

A

identity markers that trace the source of infection

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17
Q

Which Staphylococci is most accurately described as opportunistic?

A

Staphylococcus epidermis

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18
Q

What are the properties of Staphylococcus Epidermis?

A

Normal skin/mucous flora
Non-pathogenic except in compromised patients

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19
Q

How can Staph. epidermis be prevented?

A

Proper care of patient after operations

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20
Q

What are the signs of s. epidermis?

A

Post-operative infections
Necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates

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21
Q

Describe the appearance of streptococci.

A

Arrangement: Pairs or chains

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22
Q

How are streptococci grown?

A

Blood agar- simple media

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23
Q

Describe the haemolytic properties of Streptococci.

A

Alpha hemolysis- greenish/brown zone of partial RBC destruction

Beta hemolysis- Clear zone of complete RBC destruction around colonies

Non-hemolytic

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24
Q

What is extracted from the cell wall and subdivides Streptococci in groups A-T?

A

Carbohydrate C-antigen

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25
Q

What is the role of the M-protein in streptococci?

A

Permits subdivision of beta-haemolytic streptococci into over 70 serotypes;

found almost exclusively in group A.

Important virulence factor: antiphagocytic
and degrades complement C3b.

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26
Q

What is Group A strep called?

A

S. Pyogenes

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27
Q

Is Group A strep alpha-hemolytic?

A

No- it is beta- Haemolytic

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28
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of s. pyogenes?

A

Fever
Strep throat aka acute tonsilitis
Skin infections Impetigo, cellulitis
Septicemia
Puerperal fever

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29
Q

What results from complications in acute tonsilitis?

A

Scarlet fever

30
Q

What are the typical complications experienced from patients with Strep. pyogenes?

A

acute glomerulonephronitis and rheumatic fever

31
Q

What toxins that cause s. pyogenes?

A

Streptolysins (O & S)
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (Spes)
- Superantigens SpeA, SpeB, SpeC

32
Q

What causes the rash in scarlet fever?

A

Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins

33
Q

What is the primary enzyme involved in s. pyogenes?

A

Hyaluronidase-splits hyaluronic acid in connective tissue and helps spreading

34
Q

Which strain of strep can be found in 5-10% of healthy people?

A

pyogenes/group A

35
Q

How can s. pyogenes be prevented?

A

Education of health personnel and public
Aseptic obstetric procedures
Early detection and treatment

36
Q

How is s. pyogenes transmitted?

A

Direct contact
Nasal carriers
Contaminated food

37
Q

Which strep is sensitive to penicillin G?

A

Strep. pyogenes

38
Q

What is strep Group B called?

A

Streptococcus agalactiae

39
Q

Where is strep. agalactiae found?

A

Vagina of healthy women

40
Q

What are the signs of strep. agalactiae?

A

Early septicaemia
Delayed meningitic form

41
Q

Can s. agalactiae cause neonatal infections?

A

yes

42
Q

What are the symptoms of s. facealis?

A

Infections- urinary, septicaemia, endocarditis, endocarditis, meningitis

43
Q

What is Strep group D?

A

s. facealis

44
Q

How is s. facealis transmitted?

A

Preys on compromised individuals

45
Q

Where can s. facealis be found?

A

Normal GI tract

46
Q

Which strep species in found in the oral cavity of healthy people?

A

Viridans strep

47
Q

Which strep is found in the nasopharynx of healthy people?

A

Strep. pneumoniae

48
Q

What is another term for strep. pneumoniae?

A

Pneumonococcus

49
Q

What are the symptoms of pneumonococcus?

A

Lobar pneumonia and meningitis in infants, elderly and alcholics(lobar)

50
Q

What are the properties of s. pneumoniae?

A

Polysaccharide capsule with antiphagocytic properties and 90 distinct singular capsules

51
Q

How can s. pneumoniae be prevented?

A

Social programs
Avoiding crowded housing areas
Vaccination of at risk populations

52
Q

What are the symptoms/effects of viridans strep?

A

Endocarditis in ppl w damaged heart valves

53
Q

What are the types of gram (-) cocci?

A

Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae

54
Q

What properties are the same in both gram (-) cocci?

A

Diplococci
Selective media used for isolation on Thayer Martin plate

55
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of N. meningitidis?

A

Meningitis
Septicaemia
Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome

56
Q

Which gram (-) cocci uses a chocolate agar, 5-10% of CO2 and needs to be at a temp. of 37 degrees?

A

N. meningitidis

57
Q

What is another term for N. meningitidis?

A

Meningococcus

58
Q

Where is N. meningitidis found?

A

Nasopharynx of healthy individuals

59
Q

Who primarily transmits N. meningitidis?

A

Children and military recruits

60
Q

How is N. meningitidis treated?

A

Penicillin
Vaccination

61
Q

How is N. gonorrhoeae treated?

A

All partners must be treated simultaneously
using ceftriaxone, cefixime, ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin in combination
with doxycycline or azithromycin.

62
Q

Which gram (-) cocci is resistant to penicillin?

A

N. gonorrhoeae

63
Q

How is N. gonorrhoeae diagnosed in men?

A

Urethral discharge swabs observed under microscope
Anal and pharyngeal can also be taken in gay men

64
Q

How is N. gonorrhoeae diagnosed in women?

A

Anal, urethral, and endocervical swabs that contain the culture

65
Q

What are the symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae in men?

A

Acute infection of urethra in 90-95% of men
that can escalate to prostatitis and epididymitis when left untreated

66
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae in women?

A

Cervicitis in women and can escalate to PID and sterility
Note: 50% of women are asymptomatic and is a mom transfers symptoms to baby it can cause neonatal infection

67
Q

What symptom of N/ gonorrhoeae is shared between men and women?

A

Rectal and pharyngeal infection

68
Q

Who does disseminated Gonococcal Infection affect and what are the symptoms?

A

1-3% cases of women
Fever, skin infection, arthritis

69
Q

Is N. gonorrhoeae sensitive to temperature and damp environments?

A

Yes

70
Q

What is a causative agent of gonorrhoeae STD?

A

N. gonorrhoeae

71
Q

How big are the cocci in N. gonorrhoeae?

A

0.6-1 um

72
Q

What is the second highest STD reported aft. chlamydia?

A

Gonorrhoeae

Microbiology Final Exam Prep (10 decks)

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