Lecture 10

Question 1

What is a Nosocomial?

Answer 1

A hospital acquired infection that was not present before the patient was admitted but they picked it up at the hospital

Question 2

How common are Nosocomials?

Answer 2

Common in up to 25% of patients administered to the hospital

Question 3

What are the most common infections?

Answer 3

Wound
Urinary tract
Respiratory
Skin
Soft tissue
Septicaemia

Question 4

What is a preventable nosocomial infection?

Answer 4

Medical or surgical mishaps or bad hygiene practices

Question 5

What are non-preventable nosocomial infections?

Answer 5

Factors that you cannot control
Ex. Immunodeficient patient or severely damaged organs

Question 6

Where do nosocomial come from?

Answer 6

Environment
Person to person
Food supply
Air supply
Fomites
Vector
Water supply

Question 7

What is the difference between a vector and a fomite?

Answer 7

A vector is a living organism that transmits infectious disease while a fomite is a non-living material such as a rusty ring

Question 8

What is difference between endogenous and exogenous person-person infection?

Answer 8

Exogenous means that the infection is transfering from one person to another while endogenous means that the infection is spreading within a person

Question 9

Which hospital practices increase the risk of nosocomial infection?

Answer 9

Intravenous access
Urinary catheters
Surgeries

Question 10

What is the nosocomial chain of infection? Be specific.

Answer 10

Three factors that play a role in the transmission of a nosocomial infection:

Source-Where the microorganism is located and spread

Route of infection-Way microorganism leaves the source to get to the host

Host- How susceptible are you? Age? Immune status, etc

Chain must be prevented or avoided

Question 11

What are the most efficient steps in controlling nosocomials?

Answer 11

Identification and detection of source of infection

Question 12

What are the purpose of hospital infection control plans?

Answer 12

Make the source non-infectious
Prevent microorganism from leaving the source
Interference with dissemination routes
Preventing microorganisms from entering host

Question 13

What are the main activites that limit nosocomial?

Answer 13

Good clinical practices
wound and enteric isolation
respiratory isolation
strict isolation
protective isolation
Typing

Question 14

When were infection control techniques first recommended?

Answer 14

After AIDS outbreak in 1980s

Question 15

What is universal precaution?

Answer 15

Treating every patient like they are infected and taking precautions to not get infected

EX. good hygiene, use of protective barriers, and proper handling or tools and equipment

Question 16

When are addition precautions used in addition to universal precautions?

Answer 16

With:
Prion diseases
Air-borne diseases
Droplet diseases
Transmission by direct or indirect contact with dried skin or contaminated surfaces

Question 17

Who is universal precaution recommended for?

Answer 17

Doctors
Nurses
Patients
Health care support workers

Question 18

Can patient isolation be a form of universal precaution?

Answer 18

NO!!!

Question 19

What are the factors of infectious control in communites?

Answer 19

Social and environmental factors
Health education
Food safety
Vector control
Immunization
Chemoprophylaxis
Outbreak investigations
National and international agencies

Question 20

What are the categories of cleaning, sterlization, and disinfection?

Answer 20

Physical and chemical

Question 21

What are the three physical approaches to cleaning, sterilization and disinfection

Answer 21

Heat -Dry(150-200 degrees), moist (pasteurization, boiling, autoclaving, and microwaving), incineration (100degrees)
Radiation - gamma, ultraviolet
Filtration

Question 22

What do we need to consider when determining if a disinfectant will be effective?

Answer 22

Concentration of germicide
Target
Contact time
Appropriate temperature to use product
load? Organic or Inorganic

Question 23

List the following microorganisms in order of most to least resistant:

Enveloped viruses
Fungi
Mycobacteria
Spores/cysts
Vegetative bacteria

Answer 23

Spores/cysts, Mycobacteria, Fungi, Vegetative bacteria, Enveloped viruses

Question 24

What do hand rubs do? What is their composition?

Answer 24

Remove only transient flora
made up of 60-70% ethanol + emollients

Question 25

What is the role of antiseptics?

Answer 25

Used before surgical procedures to inactivate and remove normal and transient flora from hands prior to surgical procedures, inactivate flora from operation site and treatment/prevention of infection on skin surfaces or mucous membranes