LECTURE 4 Flashcards
SIGNAL THEORY
Current speaker talks and then signals that they have finished e.g. eye contact, tone of voice
0.2 seconds
Speakers use turn-ceding signals at the end of their turns (Starkey Duncun)
Next the speaker starts to talk
Disadvantage to theory= BUT 0.2s is not enough, B needs to start planning their response while A is still speaking. So how do they manage to start on time? This theory does not explain that!
projection theory
Listeners can anticipate the point when the current speaker might end their turn
Speakers talk projects the point where the current turn might end
Listeners rely on language structure and intonation of a turn in its context in order to anticipate when it might end
3 ordered rules for allocating rules in multi party conversations
Current speaker selects next
If current speaker does not select someone, someone can self-select
If no one self-selects, current speaker can continue
overlapping talk
They violate the ‘one at a time’ rule
Many think of them as interruptions
Most overlaps are actually not interruptions or other forms of problematic action
Overlaps can occur because the person aimed to start on time, relative to the first point of possible completion in the others turn (not to interrupt)
Early onset= norm starts early, when possible completion of the talkers turn is projectable
Late onset= starting to respond to the talkers completed unit and drops out when the talker starts to talk again
what did enfield find between time between one speaker and the other?
measured the time between one speaker and the other- finding a spike at zero (more than 40% of transitions occur within the range of a quarter-second either side of zero)- found in other studies to be in English, Dutch, and German. This shows people follow a one-at-a-time rule and no-gap-no-overlap rule
What is Projection?
this is the skill in which a speaker can tell in advance when a current speaker would finish. In free flowing conversation people can project in advance the moment the current speaker will stop, at an early enough point so they can gear up ready to speak at the specific time.
what are the sources of information to be able to project
- Vocal signal: fundamental frequency, duration, or length, amplitude, loudness
- Turn ceding prosodic cues: any pitch contour other than sustained mid level, ‘’draw’’ on the final syllable, drop in pitch or loudness (Duncan, 19972)
