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SSH 105- Critical Thinking > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an argument?

A

a set of statements, one of which the (conclusion) is taken to be supported by the remaining statement (the premises)

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2
Q

what is a deductive argument?

A

a deductive argument intends to provide logically conclusive support for the conclusion

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3
Q

What is Deductive validity ?

A
  • An argument is deductively valid if and only if it not possible for all premises to be true and conclusion false
  • if all the premises were true, the conclusion would have to be true too
  • the conclusion logically follows the premises
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4
Q

How do we test whether an argument is valid or not?

A
  • imagine that all the premises are true. does this guarantee that the conclusion has to be true as well?
  • if the conclusion could be false, then it’s an invalid argument
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5
Q

What is conjuction?

A

conjunction is a statement if the form

P and Q

“I am hungry and it’s raining”

made up of two conjuncts

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6
Q

What is disjunction?

A

Any statement P or Q

“Either the picnic was cancelled or it was sunny”

Jones committed the murder or the butler did”

made up of disjuncts

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7
Q

What is negation?

A

Not P

~P

It is NOT sunny

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8
Q

What is conditional?

A

if P, then Q

‘If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled”

“if jones committed the murder, the butler is sad”

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9
Q

What is bi-conditional?

A

A biconditional is a statement if the from

P if and only if Q

You can enter the club if only if you have Id

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10
Q

Argument by Elimination example

A
  1. P or Q
  2. ~P
  3. Q (from 1,2)

If it wasn’t the the butler, then it was Jones

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11
Q

Example of invalid argument by elimination?

A
  1. P or Q
  2. you assert P
  3. Q

Looks similar, but invalid

Either lefty or righty committed crime

Lefty committed the crime

Rightly didn’t commit the crime

How can we gauruntee that righty had nothing to do with it

They might have collaborated

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12
Q

How do we use the word OR in arguments?

A

We use OR: inclusive

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13
Q

Example of a conjunction argument?

A
  1. P
  2. Q
  3. p and Q (from 1,2)

It is raining and I am wet

from that you can validly conclude that it is raining

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14
Q

Affirming Antecedent argument pattern

A
  1. if P, then Q
  2. P
  3. Q (from 1,2)

If Ryerson is a great uni, then many students apply there

Ryerson is a great uni

many students apply there

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15
Q

Denying the consequent example

A
  1. If P then Q
  2. ~Q
  3. ~P (from 1,2)

If Jim committed the murder then he used his gun on Tuesday

he didn’t use his gun on Tuesday

He’s innocent

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16
Q

Denying the Antecedent example

A
  1. If P, then Q
  2. ~P
  3. ~Q

If Einstein invented the computer, he’s a genius
2. Einstein did not invent the computer
3. Einstein is not a genuis

17
Q

Affirming the consequent

A
  1. If P, then Q
  2. Q
  3. P

If Einstein invented the computer, then he’s a genius

Einstein is a genuis

he invented the computer

18
Q

Hypothetical syllogisim example

A
  1. If P, then Q
  2. If Q, then R
  3. If P then R (from1,2)

If donald trump loses the election, joe biden wins

If joe Biden wins, his supporters will be happy

If donald trump loses, biden supporters will be happy

19
Q

Contraposition example

A
  1. If P, then Q
  2. If ~Q then ~P (from1)

If donald loses the election, joe biden wins

therefore, joe biden doesn’t win, then doanls doesn’t lose the election

20
Q

Universal Modus Ponens refer to attributes

A
  1. All A’s are B’s
  2. x is an A
  3. x is B

Example:

All students are hardworking.

Omar is a student

Omar is hardworking

21
Q

Uiversal Hypothetical Syllogism example

A
  1. All A’s are B’s
  2. All B’s are C’s
  3. All A’s are C’s

example: All whales are mammals

all mammals are animals

All whales are animals

22
Q

Universal Ruling out

A
  1. No A’s are B’s
  2. x is an A
  3. x is not a B

Example: No children are perfectl behaved at all times

Jacob is a child

Jacob is not perfectly behaved at all times

23
Q

Invalid pattern example

A
  1. All A’s are B’s
  2. x is not A
  3. X is not B

All students are hardworking

Himari is not a student

Himari is not hardworking

24
Q

All A’s are B’s

x is a B

x is not an A

IS THIS VALID?

A

All students are hardworking

Himari is hard working

Himari is a student

Invalid.

SSH 105- Critical Thinking (11 decks)

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