Lecture 4 Flashcards
what are more common sarcomas or carcinomas
carcinoma
which layer of skin does the sarcoma originate
mesoderm
describe sarcomas from hematopoietic tissues
Blood-forming
arise from non-epithelial cell
embryonic mesoderm
what are similarities and differences between carcinomas and sarcomas
Both malignant tumours
carcinomas arise from epithelial, sarcoma from the musculoskeletal system
carcinomas are more common
carcinomas usually affect older people while sarcomas can afflict young people also
carcinomas spread different from sarcomas
what are some things that triggers cancer
Retrovirus
physical agents (x-rays)
chemical agents (carcinogens)
what did katsusaburo yamagiwa discover
had one of the earliest scientific evidence showing that chemical agents can induce cancer.
rubbed quarters on rabbit ears to induce cancer
Whats the Ames test
applying various carcinogens to a culture of salmonella bacteria and score the abilities of these carcinogens to mutate bacteria
how do you test if a carcinogen can function as a mutagen
Ames test
what are the controls for the ames test
His- test, His- extract, His- test + extract, His-, His+ WT
what are some limitations of the ames test
A bacterial cell won’t respond the same as a human
A mutagen isn’t necessarily a carcinogen
Many carcinogens fail the test
Uses rat liver
more tests needed to know if its a carcinogen
What are oncogenes
a proto-oncogene that has been activated by mutation or overexpression, gain of function
What did Peyton Rous discover
implanted small fragments of sarcoma of chicken to other birds, tumours at the site of injection
discovered a virus that causes cancer in chickens
the sarcoma-inducing agent was later called Rous Sarcoma Virus
What is the Rous Sarcoma virus
A virus that can transform a normal cell into a tumour
What does BRK do
enhances breast tumour growth
What does FRK do
Suppresses glioma trumor progression
