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intro to neuro > lecture 4 > Flashcards

lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters size classification small to big

A

Aminoacids
Amines
Peptides

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2
Q

Concentration classification highest concetration to lowest

A

Aminoacids
Amines
Peptides

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3
Q

Syntesis and inactivation of aminoacids and amines

A

Enzymes synthesized in the cell body
Slow axonal transport of enzymes
Enzymes cause synthesis and packaging of neurotransmitter in the axon terminal
Release and diffusion of neurotransmitter
Precursors transported back from synapse into terminal
Inactivation through reuptake

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4
Q

Synthesis and inactivation of neuropeptides

A

Enzymes and precursors synthesized in the cell body
Slow axonal transport of enzymes and pre-peptide precursors down microtubule tracks
Enzymes modify pre-peptides to produce peptide neurotransmitter
Release and diffusion of neurotransmitter
Inactivation through breakdown and diffusion

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5
Q

Where are enzymes made

A

Cell body

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6
Q

Where are aminoacids and amines made

A

Synapse

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural basis of the axon and cell body
Internal scaffolding within the neuronal membrane
Made of tubulin in cell body
Made of tau in axon

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8
Q

Transport via cytoskeleton

A

Through microtubule
Anterograde
Retrograde

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9
Q

Anterograde

A

Soma to synaps

Orthodrome

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10
Q

Anterograde tracers

A

Show fibers and fiber endings
Horse radish peroxidase (HRP)
Phaseolus vulgaris leuocoagglutinin (PHA-L)

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11
Q

Retrograde

A

Synaps to soma

Antidrome

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12
Q

Retrograde tracers

A

Show cell bodies
Fluoro-gold (FG)
Cholera toxin (CT)
Fast blue (FB)

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13
Q

Dorsal raphe NT

A

Serotonin

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14
Q

Locus coeruleus NT

A

Noradrenaline

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15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Basal forebrain NT to cerebral cortex (cognition)

Pontomesencephalotegmental complex to thalamus

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16
Q

Ventral tegmentum NT

A

Dopamine

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17
Q

Staining methods

A

Indirect immunohistochemistry
Immonufluorescence
Fluorescent in-situ hybridization

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18
Q

Indirect immunohistochemistry

A

Make primary antibody for proteins in the cell tissue
Make secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody
See brown substance deposits

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19
Q

Immunofluorescence

A

Make primary antibody for proteins in the cell tissue
Attach fluorescent tag to that antibody
Fades after 20 minutes

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20
Q

Fluorescent in-situ hybridization

A 
Produce antisense RNA 
Antisense RNA attaches to mRNA
Stain by
1. Antibody connects to antisense RNA that deposits something next to RNA
2. look at red color
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21
Q

Glutamate transporter

A

vGlut2

22
Q

GABA synthesis by

A

GAD65

23
Q

Acetylcholine consists of

A

Acetyl CoA + Choline

24
Q

Acetylcholine enzymes

A

Choline acetyltransferase
to bind acetyl CoA and choline

Acetylcholine esterase
to break up into acetate and choline

25
Q

How to block acetylcholine esterase

A

Sarin
Novichock
Causes neuromuscular paralysis

26
Q

Nicotine ACh receptor (ligand gated)

A

nAChR
5 subunitc
Fast and short lasting action
Neurotransmitter binds, channel opens, ions flow across membrane

27
Q

Ligand gated receptions (ion channels)

A

Subunits of receptors change to open the channel/pore
Ions flow in (sodium)
Depolarization
Fast

28
Q

How to study ion channels

A

Patch clamp technique

29
Q

Patch clamp technique

A 
Single channel (suck in 1 receptor)
Whole cell (break cell body so you have the entire cell)
30
Q

single channel

A

suck in 1 receptor
when channel is open you see a current flowing
now you can see the channel properties
how it opens, how much NT needed to open, how many channels you have

31
Q

g-protein channels

A 
no pore 
NT binds to receptor
G protein is activated
G protein or intracellular messengers modulate channels
Ion channel opens
Ions flow across membrane
slow and long lasting
32
Q

function ACh

A 
enhance LTP and learning
enhance selective attention
generation of neuronal oscillaitons
transmitter at the neuromuscular junction
transmitter of the parasympathetic NS
33
Q

disorders of Ach systems

A 
Alzheimer's disease (CNS)
Myasthenia gravis (PNS)
34
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

Degeneration of ACh nuclei in basal forebrain

35
Q

Alzheimer’s medication

A 
Ach erasterase blockers 
NMDA blockade (prevents overexitation of glutamate)
36
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Antibodies agains nACh receptors at neuromuscular junctions

Autoimmune disorder

37
Q

Myasthenia gravis medication

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors
Corticosteroids
Immunosuppressants

38
Q

Ach receptors

A

Nicotinic Ach receptor

Muscarinic ACh receptor

39
Q

Glutamate synthesis

A

Glutamate from synapse into astrocyte
Glutamine synthetase turns it into glutamine
Glutaminase turns it into glutamate
VGLUT packs it into vesicles

40
Q

Glia

A

Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
Microglial cell

41
Q

Astrocytes

A

Maintain appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling
Most numerous glia in the brain
Fill space between neurons
Influence neurite growth
Regulate chemical content of extracellular space
Reuptake of transmitters
Endfeet on bloodvessels

42
Q

Glutamate receptors

A

AMPA
Kaniate
NMDA

43
Q

Glutamate

A

Fast excitatory transmission in CNS

44
Q

AMPA receptors

A 
Ligand gated 
2 domains 
1. amino terminal
2. ligand binding 
Short activation
45
Q

NMDA receptors

A

Ligand gated but have a magnesium block in the middle
So needs extra depolarization by AMPA to open
Long activation
Important role in feedback processing, short term memory, brain plasticity (learning and memory)

46
Q

LTP

A

Glutamate binds to AMPA and NMDA receptors

AMPA EPSPs drive membrane potential to NMDA’s threshold

NMDA receptors open

Ca influx in postsynaptic cell
Activation of various proteins

47
Q

Neurogenesis in

A

Hippocampus dentate cell layer

Subventricular zone of the caudate nucleus

48
Q

GABA receptors

A

Inhibitory
Chloride channels
Reupdake by GAT cotransporters

49
Q

GABA synthesis

A

Glutamate turns into GABA by glutamic acid decarboxylase and pyridozal phosphate
Released into synapse
Into glial cell
GAT cotransporter transports it back into cell

50
Q

GABA agonists

A

Act as sedatives
Benzodiazepines (increase frequency of opening channels)
Barbituates (increase opening times of channels)

51
Q

GABA antagonists

A

Act as convulsants
Picrotozin
Bicucciline

52
Q

GABA system

A

Creates local balance of excitation through GABAergic inhibition
Prevents excessive activity
Pulsed inhibition generates neuronal oscillations

intro to neuro (3 decks)

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