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intro to neuro > lecture 4 > Flashcards

lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters size classification small to big

A

Aminoacids
Amines
Peptides

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2
Q

Concentration classification highest concetration to lowest

A

Aminoacids
Amines
Peptides

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3
Q

Syntesis and inactivation of aminoacids and amines

A

Enzymes synthesized in the cell body
Slow axonal transport of enzymes
Enzymes cause synthesis and packaging of neurotransmitter in the axon terminal
Release and diffusion of neurotransmitter
Precursors transported back from synapse into terminal
Inactivation through reuptake

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4
Q

Synthesis and inactivation of neuropeptides

A

Enzymes and precursors synthesized in the cell body
Slow axonal transport of enzymes and pre-peptide precursors down microtubule tracks
Enzymes modify pre-peptides to produce peptide neurotransmitter
Release and diffusion of neurotransmitter
Inactivation through breakdown and diffusion

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5
Q

Where are enzymes made

A

Cell body

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6
Q

Where are aminoacids and amines made

A

Synapse

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Structural basis of the axon and cell body
Internal scaffolding within the neuronal membrane
Made of tubulin in cell body
Made of tau in axon

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8
Q

Transport via cytoskeleton

A

Through microtubule
Anterograde
Retrograde

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9
Q

Anterograde

A

Soma to synaps

Orthodrome

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10
Q

Anterograde tracers

A

Show fibers and fiber endings
Horse radish peroxidase (HRP)
Phaseolus vulgaris leuocoagglutinin (PHA-L)

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11
Q

Retrograde

A

Synaps to soma

Antidrome

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12
Q

Retrograde tracers

A

Show cell bodies
Fluoro-gold (FG)
Cholera toxin (CT)
Fast blue (FB)

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13
Q

Dorsal raphe NT

A

Serotonin

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14
Q

Locus coeruleus NT

A

Noradrenaline

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15
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Basal forebrain NT to cerebral cortex (cognition)

Pontomesencephalotegmental complex to thalamus

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16
Q

Ventral tegmentum NT

A

Dopamine

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17
Q

Staining methods

A

Indirect immunohistochemistry
Immonufluorescence
Fluorescent in-situ hybridization

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18
Q

Indirect immunohistochemistry

A

Make primary antibody for proteins in the cell tissue
Make secondary antibody that recognizes the primary antibody
See brown substance deposits

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19
Q

Immunofluorescence

A

Make primary antibody for proteins in the cell tissue
Attach fluorescent tag to that antibody
Fades after 20 minutes

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20
Q

Fluorescent in-situ hybridization

A 
Produce antisense RNA 
Antisense RNA attaches to mRNA
Stain by
1. Antibody connects to antisense RNA that deposits something next to RNA
2. look at red color
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21
Q

Glutamate transporter

22
Q

GABA synthesis by

23
Q

Acetylcholine consists of

A

Acetyl CoA + Choline

24
Q

Acetylcholine enzymes

A

Choline acetyltransferase
to bind acetyl CoA and choline

Acetylcholine esterase
to break up into acetate and choline

25
How to block acetylcholine esterase
Sarin Novichock Causes neuromuscular paralysis
26
Nicotine ACh receptor (ligand gated)
nAChR 5 subunitc Fast and short lasting action Neurotransmitter binds, channel opens, ions flow across membrane
27
Ligand gated receptions (ion channels)
Subunits of receptors change to open the channel/pore Ions flow in (sodium) Depolarization Fast
28
How to study ion channels
Patch clamp technique
29
Patch clamp technique
``` Single channel (suck in 1 receptor) Whole cell (break cell body so you have the entire cell) ```
30
single channel
suck in 1 receptor when channel is open you see a current flowing now you can see the channel properties how it opens, how much NT needed to open, how many channels you have
31
g-protein channels
``` no pore NT binds to receptor G protein is activated G protein or intracellular messengers modulate channels Ion channel opens Ions flow across membrane slow and long lasting ```
32
function ACh
``` enhance LTP and learning enhance selective attention generation of neuronal oscillaitons transmitter at the neuromuscular junction transmitter of the parasympathetic NS ```
33
disorders of Ach systems
``` Alzheimer's disease (CNS) Myasthenia gravis (PNS) ```
34
Alzheimer's
Degeneration of ACh nuclei in basal forebrain
35
Alzheimer’s medication
``` Ach erasterase blockers NMDA blockade (prevents overexitation of glutamate) ```
36
Myasthenia gravis
Antibodies agains nACh receptors at neuromuscular junctions | Autoimmune disorder
37
Myasthenia gravis medication
Cholinesterase inhibitors Corticosteroids Immunosuppressants
38
Ach receptors
Nicotinic Ach receptor | Muscarinic ACh receptor
39
Glutamate synthesis
Glutamate from synapse into astrocyte Glutamine synthetase turns it into glutamine Glutaminase turns it into glutamate VGLUT packs it into vesicles
40
Glia
Astrocyte Oligodendrocyte Microglial cell
41
Astrocytes
Maintain appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling Most numerous glia in the brain Fill space between neurons Influence neurite growth Regulate chemical content of extracellular space Reuptake of transmitters Endfeet on bloodvessels
42
Glutamate receptors
AMPA Kaniate NMDA
43
Glutamate
Fast excitatory transmission in CNS
44
AMPA receptors
``` Ligand gated 2 domains 1. amino terminal 2. ligand binding Short activation ```
45
NMDA receptors
Ligand gated but have a magnesium block in the middle So needs extra depolarization by AMPA to open Long activation Important role in feedback processing, short term memory, brain plasticity (learning and memory)
46
LTP
Glutamate binds to AMPA and NMDA receptors AMPA EPSPs drive membrane potential to NMDA’s threshold NMDA receptors open Ca influx in postsynaptic cell Activation of various proteins
47
Neurogenesis in
Hippocampus dentate cell layer | Subventricular zone of the caudate nucleus
48
GABA receptors
Inhibitory Chloride channels Reupdake by GAT cotransporters
49
GABA synthesis
Glutamate turns into GABA by glutamic acid decarboxylase and pyridozal phosphate Released into synapse Into glial cell GAT cotransporter transports it back into cell
50
GABA agonists
Act as sedatives Benzodiazepines (increase frequency of opening channels) Barbituates (increase opening times of channels)
51
GABA antagonists
Act as convulsants Picrotozin Bicucciline
52
GABA system
Creates local balance of excitation through GABAergic inhibition Prevents excessive activity Pulsed inhibition generates neuronal oscillations

intro to neuro (3 decks)

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