Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

intro to neuro > lecture 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Visceromotor system
Autonomic NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Long fiber tracts

A 
Corticospinal tract/pyramidal tract (motor)
Spinothalamic tract  (sensory)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Corticospinal tract/pyramidal tract

A

Descending motor pathway
Pyramidal cells emit long axon to secondary motor neurons in spinal cord
Brain to spinal cord = contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Soma of primary sensory neurons collect in dorsal spinal ganglion and synapse onto secondary motor neuron

Crossover where they enter spinal cord

All senses relay in the thalamus before going to the cortex (except olfaction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that envelop brain and spinal cords
Dura mater – stays under bone
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater – follows surface of the brain and is attached to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Contains CSF
In between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
Function = protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ventricular system

A

Cerebrospinal fluid filled caverns and canals
Metabolic waste products diffuse into CSF and is removed into the bloodstream
Cerebrum > brainstem core > subarachnoid space > arachnoid villi > bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 nerves from the brain
Mostly innervate head and neck
They are sensory, motor, or mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Arachnoid villi

A

absorb CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Choroid plexus

A

makes/secretes CSF into ventricular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

spinal nerves

A

innervate skin joints and muscles
at every vertebrae a nerve exits
dorsal root ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

contain cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

visceral PNS (autonomic nervous system)

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

innervates smooth muscle of internal organs, blood vessels, and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

sympathetic division

A 
fight or flight
exits in thoraric and lumbar part of spinal cord
pupil dilation
bronchodilation
cardiac acceleration 
inhibition of digestion
piloerection
stimulation of glucose release
systemic vasoconstriction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

parasympathetic division

A 
rest or digest
exists at brainstem (most) and sacral (least)
pupil constriction
bronchoconstriction
cardiac deceleration
stimulation of digestion
salivation, lacrimation
intestinal vasodilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

hypothalamus

A

organizes parasympathetic and sympathetic NS + neuroexcretion through pituitary stalk/gland
organizes the body state (e.g., fight/flight, mating, eating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

formation of the neural tube – layers

A

endoderm (forms internal organs)
mesoderm (forms bones and muscles)
ectoderm (forms nervous system and skin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neurulation

A

formation of the neural plate > neural groove > neural tube on dorsal aspect of embryo
CNS forms from the walls
Tube becomes ventricular system

20
Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A

Rostral to caudal

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

21
Q

Differentiation of the forebrain

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Optic vesicles

22
Q

Telencephalon

A

Forms cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulbs, basal telencehalon

23
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

24
Q

Major gray matter systems in forebrain

A

Cerebral cortex – telen
Thalamus – dien
Hypothalamus – dien
Basal ganglia

25
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Analyzes sensory input and commands motor output

26
Q

Thalamus

A

Last relay station for sensory info en route to cortex
Conveys sensory information from contralateral side of the body
Involved in regulation of attention
Reciprocally connected to cortex through internal capsule

27
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulation of milieu interieur and some primitive behaviours through:
Control of visceral NS
Neuroendocrine control

28
Q

Major white matter systems in forebrain

A

Cortical axons

Anterior and posterior commissure

29
Q

Cortical axons

A 
Cortical white matter
Corpus callosum (axons crossing to contralateral hemisphere)
Internal and external capsule (axons projecting to deep brain strcutures)
30
Q

Anterior and posterior commissure

A

Interhemispheric connection of deep brain structures

31
Q

Differentiation midbrain

A

Tectum (roof)
Tegmentum
Contains descending and ascending axons

32
Q

Tectum

A 
Superior colliculus (visual processing)
inferior colliculus (auditory processing)
33
Q

Tegmentum

A

Substantia nigra (dopamine)
Red nucleus
Control voluntary movement

34
Q

Differentiation hindbrain

A 
Cerebellum
Pons
Cochlear nuclei
Decussation
Locus coeruleus
Raphe nuclei
35
Q

Cerebellum

A

Movement control

36
Q

Pons

A

Switchboard connecting cerebral cortex to cerebellum

37
Q

Cochlear nuclei

A

Audition

Project axons to different structures

38
Q

Decussation

A

Crossing of axons from one side to the other

39
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

Noradrenaline

40
Q

Raphe nuclei

A

Serotonin

41
Q

Differentiation spinal cord

A 
Ventral horn (exit motor information)
Dorsal horn (enter sensory information)
42
Q

Neocortex/isocortex

A

6 layers
Newest addition
90% of human cortex
Outer aspect of hemispheres

43
Q

Mesocortex

A

4 layers
Between neo and allocortex
Limbic cortex
Insula

44
Q

Allocortex

A

1 layer of projection cells
Oldest parts
Piriform (olfactory) cortex
Hippocampus

45
Q

Main differences mice and human brain

A

Expansion of cortex (sulci and gyri), especially association cortex
Size of olfactory bulb
Curvature NS axis

46
Q

Limbic cortex

A

Edge of the cortex

47
Q

Anatomical divisions hippocampus

A

Dentate gyrus

Cornu ammonis

intro to neuro (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions