lecture 2

Question 1

Central nervous system

Answer 1

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Spinal cord

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Visceromotor system
Autonomic NS

Question 3

Long fiber tracts

Answer 3

Corticospinal tract/pyramidal tract (motor)
Spinothalamic tract  (sensory)

Question 4

Corticospinal tract/pyramidal tract

Answer 4

Descending motor pathway
Pyramidal cells emit long axon to secondary motor neurons in spinal cord
Brain to spinal cord = contralateral

Question 5

Spinothalamic tract

Answer 5

Soma of primary sensory neurons collect in dorsal spinal ganglion and synapse onto secondary motor neuron

Crossover where they enter spinal cord

All senses relay in the thalamus before going to the cortex (except olfaction)

Question 6

Meninges

Answer 6

Membranes that envelop brain and spinal cords
Dura mater – stays under bone
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater – follows surface of the brain and is attached to it

Question 7

Subarachnoid space

Answer 7

Contains CSF
In between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
Function = protection

Question 8

Ventricular system

Answer 8

Cerebrospinal fluid filled caverns and canals
Metabolic waste products diffuse into CSF and is removed into the bloodstream
Cerebrum > brainstem core > subarachnoid space > arachnoid villi > bloodstream

Question 9

Cranial nerves

Answer 9

12 nerves from the brain
Mostly innervate head and neck
They are sensory, motor, or mixed

Question 10

Arachnoid villi

Answer 10

absorb CSF

Question 11

Choroid plexus

Answer 11

makes/secretes CSF into ventricular system

Question 12

spinal nerves

Answer 12

innervate skin joints and muscles
at every vertebrae a nerve exits
dorsal root ganglia

Question 13

dorsal root ganglia

Answer 13

contain cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons

Question 14

visceral PNS (autonomic nervous system)

Answer 14

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

innervates smooth muscle of internal organs, blood vessels, and glands

Question 15

sympathetic division

Answer 15

fight or flight
exits in thoraric and lumbar part of spinal cord
pupil dilation
bronchodilation
cardiac acceleration 
inhibition of digestion
piloerection
stimulation of glucose release
systemic vasoconstriction

Question 16

parasympathetic division

Answer 16

rest or digest
exists at brainstem (most) and sacral (least)
pupil constriction
bronchoconstriction
cardiac deceleration
stimulation of digestion
salivation, lacrimation
intestinal vasodilation

Question 17

hypothalamus

Answer 17

organizes parasympathetic and sympathetic NS + neuroexcretion through pituitary stalk/gland
organizes the body state (e.g., fight/flight, mating, eating)

Question 18

formation of the neural tube – layers

Answer 18

endoderm (forms internal organs)
mesoderm (forms bones and muscles)
ectoderm (forms nervous system and skin)

Question 19

neurulation

Answer 19

formation of the neural plate > neural groove > neural tube on dorsal aspect of embryo
CNS forms from the walls
Tube becomes ventricular system

Question 20

Three primary brain vesicles

Answer 20

Rostral to caudal

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 21

Differentiation of the forebrain

Answer 21

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Optic vesicles

Question 22

Telencephalon

Answer 22

Forms cerebral hemispheres, olfactory bulbs, basal telencehalon

Question 23

Diencephalon

Answer 23

Thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 24

Major gray matter systems in forebrain

Answer 24

Cerebral cortex – telen
Thalamus – dien
Hypothalamus – dien
Basal ganglia

Question 25

Cerebral cortex

Answer 25

Analyzes sensory input and commands motor output

Question 26

Thalamus

Answer 26

Last relay station for sensory info en route to cortex Conveys sensory information from contralateral side of the body Involved in regulation of attention Reciprocally connected to cortex through internal capsule

Question 27

Hypothalamus

Answer 27

Regulation of milieu interieur and some primitive behaviours through: Control of visceral NS Neuroendocrine control

Question 28

Major white matter systems in forebrain

Answer 28

Cortical axons | Anterior and posterior commissure

Question 29

Cortical axons

Answer 29

``` Cortical white matter Corpus callosum (axons crossing to contralateral hemisphere) Internal and external capsule (axons projecting to deep brain strcutures) ```

Question 30

Anterior and posterior commissure

Answer 30

Interhemispheric connection of deep brain structures

Question 31

Differentiation midbrain

Answer 31

Tectum (roof) Tegmentum Contains descending and ascending axons

Question 32

Tectum

Answer 32

``` Superior colliculus (visual processing) inferior colliculus (auditory processing) ```

Question 33

Tegmentum

Answer 33

Substantia nigra (dopamine) Red nucleus Control voluntary movement

Question 34

Differentiation hindbrain

Answer 34

``` Cerebellum Pons Cochlear nuclei Decussation Locus coeruleus Raphe nuclei ```

Question 35

Cerebellum

Answer 35

Movement control

Question 36

Pons

Answer 36

Switchboard connecting cerebral cortex to cerebellum

Question 37

Cochlear nuclei

Answer 37

Audition | Project axons to different structures

Question 38

Decussation

Answer 38

Crossing of axons from one side to the other

Question 39

Locus coeruleus

Answer 39

Noradrenaline

Question 40

Raphe nuclei

Answer 40

Serotonin

Question 41

Differentiation spinal cord

Answer 41

``` Ventral horn (exit motor information) Dorsal horn (enter sensory information) ```

Question 42

Neocortex/isocortex

Answer 42

6 layers Newest addition 90% of human cortex Outer aspect of hemispheres

Question 43

Mesocortex

Answer 43

4 layers Between neo and allocortex Limbic cortex Insula

Question 44

Allocortex

Answer 44

1 layer of projection cells Oldest parts Piriform (olfactory) cortex Hippocampus

Question 45

Main differences mice and human brain

Answer 45

Expansion of cortex (sulci and gyri), especially association cortex Size of olfactory bulb Curvature NS axis

Question 46

Limbic cortex

Answer 46

Edge of the cortex

Question 47

Anatomical divisions hippocampus

Answer 47

Dentate gyrus | Cornu ammonis