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intro to neuro > lecture 3 > Flashcards

lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

Make thin slices of cells to see morphology
Preserve
Staining of nerve tissue

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2
Q

Types of stains

A

Golgi (red, silhouette neuron)
Nissl (purple, only colors cell bodies)
Fluorescent
HRP (horseradish peroxidase, show where dendrites and axons are going)

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3
Q

Neuronal morphology

A

Dendrite (afferent)
Axon (efferent)
Soma (genetic and metabolic processes)

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4
Q

Cell organelles

A 
Mitochondira
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Golgi complex
Mitochondria
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5
Q

Dendritic spine

A

Receives the presynaptic terminals/boutons

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6
Q

Protein from soma to axon

A 
Protein made in the nucleus
Packaging and shipping in golgi bodies
Transport (active process instead of diffusion)
Uptake into axon membrane
Exocytosis (exit the axon membrane)
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7
Q

Channel

A

Always lets K+ flow through
Diffusion
Permeability depends on number of channels

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8
Q

Gate

A

Gated channel
Opens or closes
Change depends on voltage or chemical stimulus

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9
Q

Pump

A

Active transport
Requires energy
Creates membrane potential

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10
Q

Neuron classification by structure

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar

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11
Q

Neuron classification by location/connectivity

A

Projection neuron

Interneuron

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12
Q

Projection neuron

A

Have myelinated axons outside of the structure they belong to
Eg sensory neuron

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13
Q

Interneuron

A

Short axons
Transmits to neurons nearby
Not myelinated

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14
Q

Neuronal metabolism

A

Glucose as fuel (passes through blood brain barrier)

Brain consumes a lot of oxygen due to glucose consumption

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15
Q

Glucose synthesis

A

Glucose can be synthesized in the liver

Vitamin B1 enables glucose use (deficiency = Korsakoff syndrome)

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16
Q

Glial cells

A

Astrocytes
Microglia
Oligodendrodendrocytes
Schwann cells

17
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provide structure and solidity to NS

Help blood brain barrier by maintaining tight junctions

18
Q

Microglia

A

Immune system of the brain

19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Make myelin sheath

Cell body is away from axons, send out projections to dendrites that roll around dendrite as a fatty layer

20
Q

Schwann cells

A

Makes myelin sheath

Single cell that wraps its membrane around the axon

21
Q

Axonal regeneration

A

Axons can generate
Schwann cells point to where the axon was supposed to run
New axon is formed
Schwann cells envelop the axon again

22
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Border between blood and brainfluid
Maintains composition of brainfluid by precenting toxic substances from entering the brain
Selectively permeable
Passive to lipophilic substances and small molecules
Active to glucose and amino acids

23
Q

Functions of glial cells

A 
Forming myelin
Insulate nerve fiber
Remove dead neurons/waste transport
Uptake/release of ions/neurotransmitters
Forming tight junctions
Guiding migration of neurons
24
Q

Active transport of sodium potassium pump

A

Pumps out 3 sodium ions
Pumps in 2 potassium ions
So more positive on the outside and more negative on the inside of the membrane

25
Q

Electrochemical potential

A 
Electrical gradient
Chemical gradient (stronger)
26
Q

Chemichal gradient

A

Inside rich in K

Outside rich in Na

27
Q

Graded potentials

A

EPSP and IPSP

28
Q

EPSP

A 
Na channels open
Positive charge (Na ions) flows into cells and diffuses along membrane
Cell membrane depolarizes locally
29
Q

IPSP

A

Cl channels open
Negative charge flows in
Membrane hyperpolarizes locally

30
Q

Conduction of graded potentials

A

The current fades away over distance due to;

  1. diffusion of charge over an increasingly large surface
  2. outward leakage of K+ ions (positive current) through open K+ channels
31
Q

Graded local de-/hyperpolarization

A

Amplitude is proportional to stimulus strength
Amplitude reduction as a function of distance to the stimulus
On dendrites and soma

32
Q

Action potential

A

High concentration of Voltage dependent Na channels in axon hillock
Massive influx of Na
Membrane potential shoots up
Action potential only in axon

33
Q

Start of action potential

A

Dendrites and soma receive stimulation from other cells
These graded potentials spread along the cell membrane
Voltage dependent Na channels at the axon hillock respond to local membrane potential
When the critical threshold for the votlage dependent Na channels is reached the channels open and an action potential is triggered

34
Q

Termination of action potential

A

2 processes

Opening of voltage dependent K channels (delayed opening)

Slow inactivation of voltage dependent Na channels (slowly close)

35
Q

Refractory period

A

Because Na channels close and K channels open
1 ms
Neurons can’t fire

36
Q

All or none law of action potentials

A 
Equal amplitude
Equal shape
Equal duration
Equal propagation speed 
Larger stimulation = more action potentials
37
Q

CSN synapses

A

Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Axoaxonic

38
Q

Synaptic potentials

A

Resting membrane potential
Graded potentials (excitatory/inhibitory)
Action potentials

intro to neuro (3 decks)

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