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FBS 172 Lec > Lecture 3B > Flashcards

Lecture 3B Flashcards

1
Q

The flow of genetic information

A

DNA –> RNA –> PROTEIN

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2
Q

origin of replication site

A

DNA replication begins at a point in the DNA molecule called

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3
Q

DNA replication begins at a point in the DNA molecule called

A

origin of replication site

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4
Q

RNA primer

A

short sequence of RNA nucleotides,
complementary to a small, initial section of the DNA strand prepared for replication

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5
Q

short sequence of RNA nucleotides,
complementary to a small, initial section of the DNA strand prepared for replication

A

RNA primer

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6
Q

assembles an RNA primer at the origin
of replication site

A

Enzyme primase

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7
Q

Enzyme primase

A

assembles an RNA primer at the origin
of replication site

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8
Q

DNA polymerase

A

then adds nucleotides to the RNA
primer, thus, begins the process of constructing new complementary strand of DNA.

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9
Q

then adds nucleotides to the RNA
primer, thus, begins the process of constructing new complementary strand of DNA.

A

DNA polymerase

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10
Q

RNA primer

A

__ is then enzymatically removed and replaced by nucleotide replacement enzyme called DNA polymerase 1 with an
appropriate DNA sequence of the DNA nucleotides

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11
Q

__ is then enzymatically removed and replaced by nucleotide replacement enzyme called DNA polymerase 1 with an
appropriate DNA sequence of the DNA nucleotides

A

RNA primer

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12
Q

RNA primer is then enzymatically removed and replaced by nucleotide replacement enzyme called _____ with an appropriate DNA sequence of the DNA nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase 1

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13
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

nucleotide replacement enzyme is called __ which is the replacement from the removal of RNA primer

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14
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme complex that engages the separated portion of the molecule and initiates the process of replication.

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15
Q

enzyme complex that engages the separated portion of the molecule and initiates the process of replication.

A

DNA polymerase

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16
Q

DNA polymerase

A

can only add new DNA nucleotides to a preexisting
chain of molecules

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17
Q

can only add new DNA nucleotides to a preexisting
chain of molecules

A

DNA polymerase

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18
Q

DNA polymerase can only add new DNA nucleotides to

A

a preexisting chain of molecules

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19
Q

a preexisting chain of molecules

A

DNA polymerase can only add new DNA nucleotides to

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20
Q

Because the two complementary strands of the DNA molecule are oriented in opposite directions and the DNA polymerase can only accommodate replication in one direction,

A

two different mechanisms for copying the strands of DNA are employed

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21
Q

why is two different mechanisms for copying the strands of DNA are employed

A

Because the two complementary strands of the DNA molecule are oriented in opposite directions and the DNA polymerase can only accommodate replication in one direction,

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22
Q

LEADING STRAND

A

continuous replication

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23
Q

continuous replication

A

LEADING STRAND

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24
Q

LAGGING STRAND

A

backward formation and in short DNA fragments

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25
Q

backward formation and in short DNA fragments

A

LAGGING STRAND

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26
Q

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

A

are series of short DNA
fragments, and each requires a separate RNA primer

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27
Q

are series of short DNA
fragments, and each requires a separate RNA primer

A

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

REPLICATION

A

process by which the original DNA is used as a template for the production of a new complementary DNA strand

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30
Q

process by which the original DNA is used as a template for the production of a new complementary DNA strand

A

REPLICATION

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31
Q

REPLICATION begins in

A

nucleus when enzyme HELICASE breaks the HYDROGEN bonds between the two strands of DNA, unwinding the double helix DNA into two single strands that serve as template for the replication of DNA

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32
Q

resulting structure of replication

A

REPLICATION FORK.

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33
Q

REPLICATION FORK.

A

resulting structure of replication

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34
Q

_____ is the process by which the original DNA is used as a template for the production of a new complementary DNA strand. It begins in the nucleus when an enzyme _____ breaks the _______ bonds between the two strands of DNA, unwinding the double helix DNA into two single strands that serve as template for the replication of DNA. The resulting structure is called the _______.

A

Replication
Helicase
Hydrogen
Replication Fork

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35
Q

formed from its 5’ to its 3’

A

LEADING strand

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36
Q

LEADING strand

A

formed from its 5’ to its 3’

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37
Q

The LEADING strand is formed from its 5’ to its 3’ strand by the enzyme

A

DNA POLYMERASE I

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38
Q

DNA POLYMERASE I

A

form the leading strand from 5’ to 3’

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39
Q

This enzyme adds nucleotide units to leading strand

A

DNA POLYMERASE I

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40
Q

DNA POLYMERASE I

A

This enzyme adds nucleotide units to leading strand

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41
Q

Nucleotides contain ____, ____, and ____

A

phosphate, bases, sugars

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42
Q

phosphate, bases, sugars

A

component of nucleotides

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43
Q

LAGGING strand

A

formed backward from its 3’ to its 5’.

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44
Q

formed backward from its 3’ to its 5’

A

LAGGING strand

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45
Q

It does not form continuously; instead it forms in pieces known as OKAZAKI fragments.

A

LAGGING strand

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46
Q

lagging strand forms in pieces known as

A

OKAZAKI fragments

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47
Q

OKAZAKI fragments

A

lagging strand forms in pieces known as

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48
Q

RNA PRIMASE adds a structure known as ____, short sequence of RNA nucleotides, complementary to a small, initial section of the DNA strand prepared for replication, to the lagging strand.

A

RNA PRIMER

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49
Q

RNA PRIMER

A

short sequence of RNA nucleotides, complementary to a small, initial section of the DNA strand prepared for replication, to the lagging strand.

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50
Q

lays down a new DNA in lagging strand

A

DNA polymerase 3

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51
Q

DNA polymerase 3

A

lays down a new DNA in lagging strand

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52
Q

The ____ is formed from its 5’ to its 3’ strand by the enzyme ____. This enzyme adds nucleotide units to leading strand. Nucleotides contain ____, ____, and ____. The other strand known as the ____ is formed backward from its 3’ to its 5’. It does not form continuously like the leading strand; instead it forms in pieces known as ____. ____ adds a structure known as ____, short sequence of RNA nucleotides, complementary to a small, initial section of the DNA strand prepared for replication, to the lagging strand. DNA polymerase 3 lays down a new DNA in lagging strand. This process is repeated as new DNA is added to the strand.

A

LEADING strand
DNA POLYMERASE I
PHOSPHATE, BASES, and SUGARS
LAGGING strand
OKAZAKI fragments
RNA PRIMASE
RNA PRIMER

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53
Q

Another type of DNA polymerase known as ____ replaces the RNA primers in the lagging strand with DNA

A

DNA POLYMERASE I

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54
Q

DNA POLYMERASE I

A

replaces the RNA primers in the lagging strand with DNA.

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55
Q

Finally, the enzyme ____ links the OKAZAKI fragments, thus the lagging strand is completely replicated

A

DNA LIGASE

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56
Q

Finally, the enzyme DNA LIGASE links the ____, thus the lagging strand is completely replicated

A

OKAZAKI fragments

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57
Q

OKAZAKI fragments

A

Finally, the enzyme DNA LIGASE links this, thus the lagging strand is completely replicated

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58
Q

GENES

A

a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a particular protein

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59
Q

a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a particular protein

A

GENES

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60
Q

PROTEINS

A

drive cellular processes, determine physical characteristics, and manifest genetic disorders by their absence or presence

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61
Q

drive cellular processes, determine physical characteristics, and manifest genetic disorders by their absence or presence

A

PROTEINS

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62
Q

protein synthesis occurs in ____ located in the cytoplasm

A

RIBOSOMES

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63
Q

protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes located in the ____

A

CYTOPLASM

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64
Q

____ occurs in ribosomes located in the cytoplasm

A

protein synthesis

65
Q

How does a ribosome synthesize the protein required if it does not have access to DNA?

A

Through an intermediate substance known as mRNA…

66
Q

transcription

A

Information is faithfully copied from DNA into mRNA by a process called

67
Q

Information is faithfully copied from DNA into mRNA by a process called

A

transcription

68
Q

Ribosomes use the mRNA as a blueprint to synthesize proteins composed of amino acid by a process called

A

translation

69
Q

In translation, ____ use the mRNA as a blueprint to synthesize proteins composed of amino acid

70
Q

In translation, ribosomes use the ____ as a blueprint to synthesize proteins composed of amino acid

71
Q

In translation, ribosomes use the mRNA as ____

A

as a blueprint to synthesize proteins composed of amino acid

72
Q

three types of RNA

A

mRNS
rRNA
tRNA

73
Q

mRNA function

A

“blueprint” for building a protein

74
Q

“site” where the proteins are made

75
Q

rRNA function

A

“site” where the proteins are made

76
Q

“vehicle” delivering the proper amino acid to the site of protein synthesis

77
Q

tRNA function

A

“vehicle” delivering the proper amino acid to the site of protein synthesis

78
Q

in transcription: INITIATION, ____ binds to a segment of DNA and opens up the double helix

A

RNA polymerase

79
Q

in transcription: INITIATION, RNA polymerase… (function)

A

binds to a segment of DNA and opens up the double helix

80
Q

in transcription: INITIATION, ___ then recognizes the promoter region which is a sequence of DNA rich in A and T bases (TATA box)
found only on one strand of the DNA

A

RNA POLYMERASE

81
Q

in transcription: INITIATION, RNA POLYMERASE then recognizes the promoter region which is a ____

A

a sequence of DNA rich in A and T bases (TATA box) found only on one strand of the DNA

82
Q

However, an RNA polymerase cannot ____. Another protein, a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
that recognizes the TATA, binds to the DNA before the
RNA polymerase can do so.

A

cannot recognize the
TATA box and other landmarks of the promoter region
on its own.

83
Q

However, an RNA polymerase cannot recognize the
TATA box and other landmarks of the promoter region
on its own. Another protein, a ____ that recognizes the TATA, binds to the DNA before the
RNA polymerase can do so.

A

TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR

84
Q

However, an RNA polymerase cannot recognize the
TATA box and other landmarks of the promoter region
on its own. Another protein, a TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR
that recognizes the TATA, ___.

A

binds to the DNA before the
RNA polymerase can do so.

85
Q

RNA polymerase uses only one of the strands of DNA
as a template for mRNA synthesis. (what process)

A

TRANSCRIPTION: 2. ELONGATION

86
Q

RNA polymerases can add nucleotides only to the 3’ end
of a DNA sequence. (what process)

A

TRANSCRIPTION: 2. ELONGATION

87
Q

Thus, an RNA molecule elongates in the 5’ to 3’ direction (what process)

A

TRANSCRIPTION: 2. ELONGATION

88
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 2. ELONGATION, ____ uses only one of the strands of DNA as a template for mRNA synthesis

A

RNA POLYMERASE

89
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 2. ELONGATION, RNA polymerase uses only ____
as a template for mRNA synthesis.

A

one of the strands of DNA

90
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 2. ELONGATION, RNA polymerase uses only one of the strands of DNA as a ____

A

template for mRNA synthesis.

91
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 2. ELONGATION, ____can add nucleotides only to the 3’ end
of a DNA sequence.

A

RNA POLYMERASE

92
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 2. ELONGATION, RNA polymerases can add nucleotides only to the _____

A

3’ end of a DNA sequence

93
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 2. ELONGATION, an ____ elongates in the 5’ to 3’ direction

A

RNA MOLECULE

94
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 2. ELONGATION, RNA molecule ____

95
Q

As the RNA polymerase molecule passes, the DNA helix
re-forms. Synthesis continues until the end of a gene is
reached where RNA polymerase recognizes a terminator sequence. (what process)

A

TRANSCRIPTION: 3. TERMINATION

96
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 3. TERMINATION, As the RNA polymerase molecule ____, the DNA helix ____. Synthesis continues until the end of a gene is reached where RNA polymerase recognizes a terminator sequence.

A

passess, re-forms

97
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 3. TERMINATION, As the ____ passes, the ____ re-forms. Synthesis continues until the end of a gene is reached where RNA polymerase recognizes a terminator sequence.

A

RNA polymerase molecule, DNA helix

98
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 3. TERMINATION, As the RNA polymerase molecule passes, the DNA helix re-forms. ____ continues until the end of a gene is reached where RNA polymerase recognizes a terminator sequence.

99
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 3. TERMINATION, As the RNA polymerase molecule passes, the DNA helix re-forms. synthesis continues until ____ where RNA polymerase recognizes a terminator sequence.

A

the end of a gene is reached

100
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION: 3. TERMINATION, As the RNA polymerase molecule passes, the DNA helix re-forms. synthesis continues until the end of a gene is reached where ____

A

RNA polymerase recognizes a terminator sequence

101
Q

Once the RNA polymerase leaves the promoter region, a
new RNA polymerase can bind there to begin a new
mRNA transcript. (what process)

A

TRANSCRIPTION

102
Q

Since prokaryotes lack a membrane bound nucleus
translation can begin even before the mRNA dissociates.
However, the pre-mRNA from eukaryotic cells needs
some modification before it leaves the nucleus. (what process)

A

TRANSCRIPTION

103
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION, Once the RNA polymerase leaves the promoter region, a
____

A

a new RNA polymerase can bind there to begin a new mRNA transcript

104
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION, Since prokaryotes lack a membrane bound, ____.
However, the pre-mRNA from eukaryotic cells needs
some modification before it leaves the nucleus

A

nucleus translation can begin even before the mRNA dissociates

105
Q

in TRANSCRIPTION, Since prokaryotes lack a membrane bound, nucleus
translation can begin even before the mRNA dissociates.
However, the pre-mRNA from eukaryotic cells needs
____

A

some modification before it leaves the nucleus

106
Q

In eukaryotes, the mRNA released at the end of
transcription is called

107
Q

pre-mRNA

A

In eukaryotes, the mRNA released at the end of
transcription

108
Q

undergoes several changes before it is exported out of the nucleus to protect it from the
cytoplasmic environment

109
Q

Pre-mRNA undergoes several changes before it is
exported out of the nucleus because???

A

to protect it from the
cytoplasmic environment

110
Q

Processing of mRNA

A

The 5’ end of the pre-mRNA is capped with a modified form of the G nucleotide. At the 3’ end, an enzyme in the nucleus adds the poly A tail, a long series of A nucleotides

111
Q

The entire gene (introns and exons) are transcribed by
the RNA polymerase

A

mRNA Splicing

112
Q

The initial pre-mRNA contains introns that are removed
from the pre-mRNA by spliceosomes while the exons
are spliced together

A

mRNA Splicing

113
Q

Introns are cut OUT – mRNA

A

mRNA Splicing

114
Q

In mRNA splicing, The initial pre-mRNA contains introns that are removed from the pre-mRNA by ___ while the exons
are spliced together

A

spliceosomes

115
Q

After transcription mRNA exits the nucleus via nuclear
pores and ribosomes bind to mRNA(what process)

A

Translation

116
Q

Ribosomes synthesize different proteins by reading the
coding sequence on mRNA (what process)

A

Translation

117
Q

The mRNA is read in triplets of nucleotides each of which encodes an amino acid (what process)

A

Translation

118
Q

in translation, After transcription mRNA ____ via nuclear pores and ribosomes bind to mRNA

A

exits the nucleus

119
Q

in translation, After transcription mRNA exits the nucleus via ____ and ribosomes bind to mRNA

A

nuclear pores

120
Q

in translation, After transcription mRNA exits the nucleus via nuclear pores and ribosomes ____

A

bind to RNA

121
Q

in translation, Ribosomes synthesize different proteins by ____

A

reading the coding sequence on mRNA

122
Q

The ribosome alone cannot synthesize the polypeptide
chain

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

123
Q

The correct amino acids must be delivered to the
polypeptide building site

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

124
Q

Three-lobed like cloverleaf due to base pairing between
complementary nucleotides on different regions of each tRNA molecule causing it to
fold

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

125
Q

At the end of one lobe of tRNA, a sequence of three
bases called the anticodon recognizes and is
complementary to the codon of the mRNA

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

126
Q

The anticodon sequence is written in the 3’ to 5’
direction.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

127
Q

in translation, The ribosome alone cannot synthesize the polypeptide chain (T or F)

128
Q

in translation, The ribosome alone can synthesize the polypeptide chain (T or F)

129
Q

in translation, The correct amino acids must be delivered to the ____

A

polypeptide building site

130
Q

three-lobed like “cloverleaf” due to base pairing between complementary nucleotides on different regions of each tRNA molecule causing it to fold (T or F)

131
Q

three-lobed like “cloverleaf” due to base pairing between supplementary nucleotides on different regions of each tRNA molecule causing it to fold (T or F)

132
Q

three-lobed like “cloverleaf” due to base pairing between complementary nucleotides on different regions of each mRNA molecule causing it to fold (T or F)

133
Q

three-lobed like “cloverleaf” due to base pairing between complementary nucleotides on different regions of each tRNA molecule causing it to bend (T or F)

134
Q

At the end of one lobe of tRNA, a sequence of three bases called the ____ recognizes and is complementary to the codon of the mRNA.

135
Q

At the end of one lobe of tRNA, a sequence of three bases called the anticodon ____

A

recognizes and is complementary to the codon of the mRNA.

136
Q

At the 3’ end of the strand is an attachment site for the
corresponding amino acid specified by the mRNA codon

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

137
Q

There are 64 possible codon combinations, but the
cytoplasm only holds about 35-45 different tRNAs.

A

Wobble in the Genetic Code

138
Q

This leaves some anti-codons pairing with more than
one codon creating a more lenient compliment in the
third position

A

Wobble in the Genetic Code

139
Q

Redundancy of amino acid codons – wobble position
hypothesis

A

Wobble in the Genetic Code

140
Q

Redundancy of amino acid codons

A

wobble position hypothesis

141
Q

There are ____ possible codon combinations, but the
cytoplasm only holds about ____ different tRNAs

142
Q

site of protein synthesis

143
Q

a complex that contains a cluster of different kinds of
proteins and rRNA which are linear strands of RNA

144
Q

has binding sites for the mRNA transcript and the amino acid-tRNA molecules

145
Q

Each active ribosome has 3 different binding sites for
tRNA molecules:

A

P (peptide) site
A (acceptor) site
E (exit) site

146
Q

P (peptide) site

A

holds one amino acidtRNA
and the growing chain of amino acids

147
Q

holds one amino acidtRNA
and the growing chain of amino acids

A

P (peptide) site

148
Q

holds the tRNA bringing the next amino acid to be added to the chain

A

A (acceptor) site

149
Q

A (acceptor) site

A

holds the tRNA bringing the next amino acid to be added to the chain

150
Q

releases the tRNA molecules back into the cytoplasm

A

E (exit) site,

151
Q

E (exit) site,

A

releases the tRNA molecules back into the cytoplasm

152
Q

Translocation of the ribosome exposes a stop codon in
the A site. Stop codons do not code for an amino acid,
there are no corresponding tRNAs

A

Termination of Protein Synthesis

153
Q

A protein called a release factor binds to the exposed A
site causing the polypeptide to separate from the
remaining tRNA molecule

A

Termination of Protein Synthesis

154
Q

Ribosome falls of the mRNA and translation stops.

A

Termination of Protein Synthesis

155
Q

____ of the ribosome exposes a stop codon in the A site. Stop codons do not code for an amino acid, there are no corresponding tRNAs

A

TRANSLOCATION

156
Q

TRANSLOCATION of the ribosome exposes a stop codon in the ____. Stop codons do not code for an amino acid, there are no corresponding tRNAs

157
Q

A protein called a ____ binds to the exposed A site causing the polypeptide to separate from the remaining tRNA molecule

A

release factor

158
Q

binds to the exposed A
site causing the polypeptide to separate from the
remaining tRNA molecule

A

release factor

FBS 172 Lec (7 decks)

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