Lecture 39+40 Flashcards
what lung volume is increased when standing?
functional residual volume (FRV)
what factor of the lung changes the most when standing?
blood flow distribution
when is a cough more effective
at lower volumes and when the diameter is smaller (higher volume)
EX: at the end of expiration
when is a larger costophrenic angle seen on an X-ray??
It is seen in those that have emphysema
what leads to pulmonary edema?
a higher hydrostatic pressure
what does most of the urinary system develop from?
The intermediate mesoderm and urogenital sinus
urogenital ridge?
two portions:
one portion, the nephrogenic cord, gives rise to the urinary system
the other, the gonadal ridge, gives rise to the genital system
what are the three developmental systems of the kidney?
Pronephros: rudimentary and non-functional
beginning of week 4 and will disappear by the end of week 4
mesonephros: functions briefly during fetal development
starts by week 4 and goes until the end of the first trimester
produce excretory tubules and they elongate to join with the collecting duct that attaches to the cloaca
excretory tubules and duct become the ductus deferens, duct of epididymis and efferent ductules
metanephros: will form the permanent kidney
appears by week 5
a ureteric bud is an outgrowth from the mesonephric duct
the ureteric bud is surrounded by the metanephric blastema
what does the conducting and excretory part of the nephron developed from?
conducting (collecting tubules, minor calyx, pelvis)
develop from the ureteric bud
excretory (bowman’s capsule, PCT, DCT, LOH)
develop from mesenchyme of the metanephric blastema
ectopic kidney
failure of ascent of one or both of the kidney’s
can lead to the fusing of the kidney’s in cross renal ectopia
Accessory renal arteries
usually seen at the lower pole of the kidney
renal agenesis
early degeneration or failure of formation of the ureteric bud
unilateral:
more common in males
left kidney is usually absent
no symptoms
bilateral:
incompatible with life
what happens in a bifid ureter
Early incomplete division of the ureteric bud.
Double kidney
Early complete division of the ureteric bud inducing the formation of two kidneys
Supernumerary (extra kidneys)
Two separate ureteric buds developed on that side
resulting in 2 separate kidneys
Horseshoe kidney
Fusion of lower poles while still in pelvis
Ascent interrupted by the inferior mesenteric artery
no symptoms
polycystic kidney
inherited
autosomal dominant:
cysts form from all segments of the nephron
renal failure is usually in adulthood
autosomal recessive:
cysts form from the collecting ducts
kidneys become large and fail in childhood
where does the medulla and cortex of the adrenal glands come from?
medulla - neural crest cells
cortex: mesenchymal cells
Bladder development?
three parts of the urogenital sinus?
week 4 - 7
the urorectal septum divides the cloaca into the ventral urogenital sinus and dorsal rectum
urogenital sinus:
upper portion - forms the bladder
middle portion - part of the male urethra and the full female urethra
final portion - forms the penile urethra in males
what happens if the urachus is not obliterated
By birth the urachus is suppose to turn into the median umbilical ligament
urachal cysts
umbilical - urachal sinus
urachal fistula
