Lecture 39+40

Question 1

what lung volume is increased when standing?

Answer 1

functional residual volume (FRV)

Question 2

what factor of the lung changes the most when standing?

Answer 2

blood flow distribution

Question 3

when is a cough more effective

Answer 3

at lower volumes and when the diameter is smaller (higher volume)

EX: at the end of expiration

Question 4

when is a larger costophrenic angle seen on an X-ray??

Answer 4

It is seen in those that have emphysema

Question 5

what leads to pulmonary edema?

Answer 5

a higher hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

what does most of the urinary system develop from?

Answer 6

The intermediate mesoderm and urogenital sinus

Question 7

urogenital ridge?

Answer 7

two portions:

one portion, the nephrogenic cord, gives rise to the urinary system

the other, the gonadal ridge, gives rise to the genital system

Question 8

what are the three developmental systems of the kidney?

Answer 8

Pronephros: rudimentary and non-functional

beginning of week 4 and will disappear by the end of week 4

mesonephros: functions briefly during fetal development

starts by week 4 and goes until the end of the first trimester
produce excretory tubules and they elongate to join with the collecting duct that attaches to the cloaca

excretory tubules and duct become the ductus deferens, duct of epididymis and efferent ductules

metanephros: will form the permanent kidney

appears by week 5
a ureteric bud is an outgrowth from the mesonephric duct

the ureteric bud is surrounded by the metanephric blastema

Question 9

what does the conducting and excretory part of the nephron developed from?

Answer 9

conducting (collecting tubules, minor calyx, pelvis)
develop from the ureteric bud

excretory (bowman’s capsule, PCT, DCT, LOH)
develop from mesenchyme of the metanephric blastema

Question 10

ectopic kidney

Answer 10

failure of ascent of one or both of the kidney’s

can lead to the fusing of the kidney’s in cross renal ectopia

Question 11

Accessory renal arteries

Answer 11

usually seen at the lower pole of the kidney

Question 12

renal agenesis

Answer 12

early degeneration or failure of formation of the ureteric bud

unilateral:
more common in males
left kidney is usually absent
no symptoms

bilateral:
incompatible with life

Question 13

what happens in a bifid ureter

Answer 13

Early incomplete division of the ureteric bud.

Question 14

Double kidney

Answer 14

Early complete division of the ureteric bud inducing the formation of two kidneys

Question 15

Supernumerary (extra kidneys)

Answer 15

Two separate ureteric buds developed on that side

resulting in 2 separate kidneys

Question 16

Horseshoe kidney

Answer 16

Fusion of lower poles while still in pelvis
Ascent interrupted by the inferior mesenteric artery
no symptoms

Question 17

polycystic kidney

Answer 17

inherited

autosomal dominant:
cysts form from all segments of the nephron
renal failure is usually in adulthood

autosomal recessive:
cysts form from the collecting ducts
kidneys become large and fail in childhood

Question 18

where does the medulla and cortex of the adrenal glands come from?

Answer 18

medulla - neural crest cells

cortex: mesenchymal cells

Question 19

Bladder development?

three parts of the urogenital sinus?

Answer 19

week 4 - 7

the urorectal septum divides the cloaca into the ventral urogenital sinus and dorsal rectum

urogenital sinus:

upper portion - forms the bladder
middle portion - part of the male urethra and the full female urethra
final portion - forms the penile urethra in males

Question 20

what happens if the urachus is not obliterated

Answer 20

By birth the urachus is suppose to turn into the median umbilical ligament

urachal cysts

umbilical - urachal sinus

urachal fistula