Lecture 29 +30 Flashcards
type I and II alveolar cells?
type I: make up most of the surface area
type II: produce surfactant (increase lung compliance, reduce tension)
the blood-gas barrier
formed to prevent air from getting into the blood and prevent blood from getting into the alveoli
conducting vs respiratory zones?
conducting: airflow (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)
respiratory: gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli)
mucociliary transport
moving mucus away from the alveoli and towards the pharynx
impaired or inhibited by smoking
Chronic bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
usually caused by smoking
The number of goblet cells may increase and the
mucous glands may hypertrophy (Cilia movement often is impeded) .
Increased mucous gland secretion and increased
viscosity of mucus, leads to coughing and obstruction
What four cell types are found in the nasal cavity?
olfactory receptor cells - long thin nonmotile cilia with odor receptors (bipolar neurons)
brush cells - sensory receptors
supporting cells- mechanical and metabolic support
helps with odor perception
basal cells - regenerate supporting and olfactory cells
what is found in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity
Bowman’s glands are seen in the lamina propria
serous secretions
ciliated pseudostratified columnar
vestibule of the nasal cavity?
contain vibrissae (short and firm hairs) used to trap large dust particles
stratified squamous epithelium
what is respiratory epithelium?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar
function of larynx? what type of epithelium is it? what type of epithelium are the vocal cords?
function: air conduction of phonation
type: ciliated pseudostratified columnar
vocal cords: stratified squamous
what can be seen in squamous cell carcinoma
keratin pearl
what are the four layers of the trachea?
- mucosa-
RE - ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
LP - LCT - submucosa - DICT (glands are present too)
- cartilaginous layer - C-shaped hyaline cartilage
- adventitia- binds the trachea to adjacent structures
The layers of the bronchi?
- mucosa
RE- ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
LP- LCT - muscular layer - regulates airway diameter
- submucosa- LCT with glands
- cartilage layer - cartilage plates
- adventitia - DCT
Kartegener’s syndrome
defective movement of the cilia, thus ineffective movement of mucous and particles
can lead to recurrent infection
what cell type is increased in smokers or those with chronic inflammation
mucous cells
what is histologically seen in chronic bronchitis
- thickened basement membrane
- smooth muscle hypertrophy
- increased glands
hallmarks of bronchioles
large vs terminal vs respiratory
no cartilage plates and no glands
Widespread constriction in the bronchioles, decrease
diameter and increases resistance to airflow
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells in the larger bronchioles
ciliated cuboidal with secretory (Club) cells in terminal and respiratory bronchioles
club cells: secrete surface active agent and club cell protein
respiratory: first site of gaseous exchange
Simple cuboidal epithelium with ciliated and Club cells
Bronchial asthma
inflammatory airway disease
symptoms: short breath, wheezing, coughing
due to: increased mucous, increased SM, inflammation
treatment:
albuterol (Beta2 agonist)
corticosteroids
type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes
Type I:
cannot go through mitosis
form tight junctions
forms blood-air barrier at Interalveolar Septum (thick and thin)
type II: cuboidal epithelium found at septal junctions stem cell for both type I and II surfactant
emphysema
permanent enlargement of respiratory spaces affecting airways distal to the terminal bronchioles
smoking elevates neutrophil activity, thus breakdown of more elastic fibers by elastase, thus dilation
