Lecture 29 +30

Question 1

type I and II alveolar cells?

Answer 1

type I: make up most of the surface area

type II: produce surfactant (increase lung compliance, reduce tension)

Question 2

the blood-gas barrier

Answer 2

formed to prevent air from getting into the blood and prevent blood from getting into the alveoli

Question 3

conducting vs respiratory zones?

Answer 3

conducting: airflow (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)
respiratory: gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli)

Question 4

mucociliary transport

Answer 4

moving mucus away from the alveoli and towards the pharynx

impaired or inhibited by smoking

Question 5

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 5

inflammation of the bronchi
usually caused by smoking

The number of goblet cells may increase and the
mucous glands may hypertrophy (Cilia movement often is impeded) .

Increased mucous gland secretion and increased
viscosity of mucus, leads to coughing and obstruction

Question 6

What four cell types are found in the nasal cavity?

Answer 6

olfactory receptor cells - long thin nonmotile cilia with odor receptors (bipolar neurons)

brush cells - sensory receptors

supporting cells- mechanical and metabolic support
helps with odor perception

basal cells - regenerate supporting and olfactory cells

Question 7

what is found in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

Answer 7

Bowman’s glands are seen in the lamina propria

serous secretions

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

Question 8

vestibule of the nasal cavity?

Answer 8

contain vibrissae (short and firm hairs) 
used to trap large dust particles 

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 9

what is respiratory epithelium?

Answer 9

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

Question 10

function of larynx? what type of epithelium is it? 
what type of epithelium are the vocal cords?

Answer 10

function: air conduction of phonation
type: ciliated pseudostratified columnar

vocal cords: stratified squamous

Question 11

what can be seen in squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 11

keratin pearl

Question 12

what are the four layers of the trachea?

Answer 12

1. mucosa-
   RE - ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
   LP - LCT
2. submucosa - DICT (glands are present too)
3. cartilaginous layer - C-shaped hyaline cartilage
4. adventitia- binds the trachea to adjacent structures

Question 13

The layers of the bronchi?

Answer 13

1. mucosa
   RE- ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
   LP- LCT
2. muscular layer - regulates airway diameter
3. submucosa- LCT with glands
4. cartilage layer - cartilage plates
5. adventitia - DCT

Question 14

Kartegener’s syndrome

Answer 14

defective movement of the cilia, thus ineffective movement of mucous and particles

can lead to recurrent infection

Question 15

what cell type is increased in smokers or those with chronic inflammation

Answer 15

mucous cells

Question 16

what is histologically seen in chronic bronchitis

Answer 16

1. thickened basement membrane
2. smooth muscle hypertrophy
3. increased glands

Question 17

hallmarks of bronchioles

large vs terminal vs respiratory

Answer 17

no cartilage plates and no glands

Widespread constriction in the bronchioles, decrease
diameter and increases resistance to airflow

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar with goblet cells in the larger bronchioles

ciliated cuboidal with secretory (Club) cells in terminal and respiratory bronchioles

club cells: secrete surface active agent and club cell protein

respiratory: first site of gaseous exchange
Simple cuboidal epithelium with ciliated and Club cells

Question 18

Bronchial asthma

Answer 18

inflammatory airway disease

symptoms: short breath, wheezing, coughing

due to: increased mucous, increased SM, inflammation

treatment:
albuterol (Beta2 agonist)
corticosteroids

Question 19

type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes

Answer 19

Type I:
cannot go through mitosis
form tight junctions
forms blood-air barrier at Interalveolar Septum (thick and thin)

type II: 
cuboidal epithelium 
found at septal junctions 
stem cell for both type I and II 
surfactant

Question 20

emphysema

Answer 20

permanent enlargement of respiratory spaces affecting airways distal to the terminal bronchioles

smoking elevates neutrophil activity, thus breakdown of more elastic fibers by elastase, thus dilation