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CPR II (last of T1) > CPR 43+44 > Flashcards

CPR 43+44 Flashcards

1
Q

histology of the Proximal straight tubule (thick descending portion of LOH)?

A

found in the medullary ray of cortex and found in the outer medulla

shorter cells
poorly developed brush border
fewer mitochondria

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2
Q

thin segment of the LOH?

histology?

A

longer in the juxtamedullary nephrons (found in the medulla)
thin simple squamous epithelium

movement of water out and movement of ions

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3
Q

vasa recta

A

help maintain the osmotic gradient of the interstitium

the interstitium is hypertonic
loss of water

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4
Q

histology of distal straight tubule (thick ascending)

A

found in the medullary ray and the outer medulla

shorter cells with blunted brush border

reabsorption of Ca and Mg

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5
Q

histology of DCT

function

A

simple cuboidal cells
smaller cells more nuclei visible
fewer and shorter microvilli

function: 
reabsorb Na and bicarbonate 
secrete K and H 
secrete ammonium 
parathyroid regulates Ca 
impermeable to water 
high Na/K pump activity
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6
Q

macula densa

A

modified cells of the distal straight tubule
located at the vascular pole

forms part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus for BP regulation

narrower and taller cells

senses changes in Na

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7
Q

How does the kidney help regulate BP?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

  1. macula densa - osmoreceptors
  2. Lacis and polkissen cells
  3. JG cells
    modified SM cells of afferent arteriole
    produce renin that cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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8
Q

angiotensin I to II?

A

I is activated to II in the pulmonary endothelial cells

potent vasoconstrictor 
stimulates aldosterone (secretion from adrenal cortex)

aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of Na and secretion of K by connecting tubules and collecting ducts

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9
Q

connecting tubules

A

connects the DCT to cortical collecting duct

cortical = short
mid-cortical and JM = longer and arched

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10
Q

cortical collecting duct histology?

A

found in the medullary ray
simple cuboidal
diameter increases as it enter the medulla

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11
Q

medullary collecting ducts histology?

A

simple cuboidal transitions to simple columnar
widens as it goes from cortex to medulla

several merge to form papillary ducts (ducts of bellini)

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12
Q

collecting ducts: light cells and dark cells?

A 
light cells or principal cells: 
most abundant (pale stain) 
lots of AQP-2 channels 
short scattered microvilli 
dark or intercalated cells: 
fewer
not present in the inner medulla 
secretion of H and bicarbonate 
microvilli at apical cytoplasm
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13
Q

Renal interstitium

A

the connective tissue of the kidney (surrounds the nephrons and vasculature)

contains fibroblasts and mononuclear cells

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14
Q

Excretory passages

A

function: transit and storage of urine
include: minor and major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra

they all have a mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia

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15
Q

characteristics of transitional epithelium

A
  1. superficial
    single layer of dome like cells
    lots of tight junctions (impermeable to urine)
  2. intermediate
    pear shaped cells - lots of desmosomes
  3. basal layer - stem cells
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16
Q

ureter

A
  1. urothelium + LP
  2. muscularis- 3 layers of muscle
    inner longitudinal
    middle circular
    outer longitudinal - only seen at distal end
  3. adventitia
17
Q

Bladder

A

mucosa - epithelium + fibroelastic CT

muscularis:
inner longitudinal, middle circular, and outer longitudinal

adventitia or serosa

18
Q

what is the male urethra consist of?

female?

A

male:
transitional epithelium minus fossa navicularis (strat squamous)

female:
initial - transitional epithelium
terminal - strat squamous

19
Q

minimal change disease

A

protein molecules spill into the urine b/c of abnormalities of the capillary wall

glomerular capillary has fused foot processes

20
Q

equation for GFR?

A

GFR = Kf x delta P

21
Q

what influences GFR?

what drives GFR

A

filtration coefficient (Kf) and net filtration pressure

drives? Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

22
Q

hydrostatic vs oncotic pressure?

what influences oncotic pressure?

A 
hydrostatic = pushes water 
oncotic = pulls water

pi or oncotic pressure is influenced by proteins (albumin)

23
Q

what forces in the kidney favor filtration and favor reabsorption?

A

Favor filtration:
hydrostatic glomerular capillary
oncotic Bowman’s space (usually 0 when normal)

favor reabsorption:
hydrostatic bowman’s space
oncotic glomerular capillary

24
Q

what is the equation for net filtration pressure or delta P?

A

delta P = (Pgc - Pbs) - (Pi(gc) - Pi(bs))

25
Q

Significance in peritubular capillary dynamics?

A

Increased oncotic pressure in peritubular capillary increases absorption.

26
Q

what does a change in Kf do to GFR

A

increased Kf = increased GFR

decreased Kf = decreased GFR

27
Q

what diseases lower Kf

A

hypertension and diabetes

28
Q

Nephrotic syndrome?
Nephritic syndrome?
what leads to this?

A

Nephrotic:
a kidney disorder that causes your body to excrete too much protein in your urine

Nephritic:
increases RBC release into the urine as hematuria

cause:
increase in the oncotic pressure of the bowmans capsule, thus filtration is favored

Increase in pi(bs) = more filtration, increased GFR, and edema

29
Q

Urinary cholelithasis

A

kidney stones that lead to obstruction and dilation of the urinary system

leads to more hydrostatic pressure in the bowman’s capsule, thus opposes filtration

less filtration, decreased GFR, decreased urine output,

30
Q

hydronephrosis

A

distention and dilation of the renal pelvis and

calyces

31
Q

FF equation?

A

FF = GFR / RPF

normally is 20%

32
Q

what is the driving force for reabsorption?

A

pi(c) = Oncotic pressure of peritubular capillary

33
Q

renal hemodynamics? vasoconstriction?

A
  1. Flow decreases
  2. Pressure upstream increases
  3. Pressure downstream decrease
34
Q

renal hemodynamics? vasodilation

A
  1. Flow increases
  2. Pressure upstream decreases
  3. Pressure downstream increases
35
Q

Afferent Arteriole- Vasoconstriction

A 
1. Decrease in hydrostatic pressure
of glomerular capillaries
2. Decrease in hydrostatic pressure
of peritubular capillaries
3. Decrease in renal plasma/blood
flow
36
Q

Afferent Arteriole Vasodilation

A 
1. Increase in hydrostatic pressure of
glomerular capillaries
2. Increase in hydrostatic pressure of
peritubular capillaries
3. Increase in renal plasma/blood flow
37
Q

Efferent Arteriole- Vasoconstriction

A
  1. Increase in hydrostatic pressure of glomerular
    capillaries
  2. Decrease in hydrostatic pressure of peritubular
    capillaries
  3. Decrease in renal plasma/blood flow
38
Q

Efferent Arteriole- Vasodilation

A
  1. Decrease in hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries
  2. Increase in hydrostatic pressure of peritubular capillaries
  3. Increase in renal plasma/blood flow

CPR II (last of T1) (14 decks)

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