Lecture 36 - Obesity Flashcards
Define obesity in terms of BMI
Obesity is classified by a BMI greater than 30. BMI is high heritable and influences by genetic factors
Describe some health consequences of obesity
Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke, impaired reproduction and etc
What is the energy imbalanced model of obesity
The energy balance model suggest that obesity occurs when energy intake exceed energy expenditure leading to fat storage. Energy expenditure includes basal metabolism and physical activity
Energy intake = Energy expended + E stored
What are some strategies include for treating obesity based on the energy balance model
Weight loss strategies include reducing energy intake (through calorie restriction, low-fat diet) , increasing physical activity and boosting basal metabolism (e.g. by increasing muscle mass)
How does obesity affect health and wellbeing?
Obesity is a chronic, complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health. It negatively impacts quality of life, such as sleeping and moving, and contributes to mental health issues.
How prevalent is obesity in NZ
Nz has the third high adult obesity rate in OECD
What are some methods for reducing energy intake
Calorie restriction, low fat diets, low carbs diet and blocking fat absorption e.g. Xenical. however maintaining these diets can be difficult and the body may reset it a lower basal metabolism, making weigh maintenance harder
What are the benefit and drawbacks of ketogenic diets
Ketogenic diets promote the use of body fat for energy, reduces insulin secretion and suppress appetite through the satiety effects of protein. However they may increase LDL levels and eliminate healthy carbs like grains
What is Xenical and why has it fallen out of favour
Xenical is a pancreatic lipase inhibitor that reduces fat absorption. Marketed for weight loss but had moderate success and side effects
How can physical activity help with weight loss
Exercise increases energy expenditure, but it also has many other health benefits e.g. cardiovascular health
How can increasing basal metabolism contribute to weight loss
Increasing muscle mass boost metabolism since muscle is more metabolically active than fat. uncoupling agents e.g DNL and thyroid hormones can also increase metabolism coming with the health risk
What role do hormones play in regulating appetite
Hormones like leptin from adipose tissue reduce appetite, while ghrelin from stomach stimulates appetite. GLP-1 also reduces appetite. These hormones act through Gut-brain axis
What is leptin resistance and how does it relate to obesity
Leptin is supposed to reduce appetite, but in many cases of obesity people become resistance to leptin meaning their bodies do not respond to the hormones so they keep eating despite having high leptins
What are GLP-1 agonists and how do they affect weight loss
A GLP1 agonist reduce appetite and have been used off label for weight loss. They are primarily used for type 2 diabetes but causes side effects like nausea
How does the carbohydrate-insulin model explain obesity
The carbohydrate-insulin model suggest that high carbohydrate intake rises insulin levels, promoting fat storage and increasing hunger, leading to obesity.
