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B&B Week 3 Flashcards > Lecture 36: Learning and Memory, HIppocampus > Flashcards

Lecture 36: Learning and Memory, HIppocampus Flashcards

1
Q

What are three types of memory?

A
  1. Short-term memory
  2. Non-declarative memory (unable to verbalize memories)
    -procedural memory (acquisition of physical/cognitive skills like swinging golf club)
    -priming
    -classical conditioning
  3. Declarative memories (able to put into words)
    -contextual/associative
    Episodic: associative with PERSONAL experience
    Recollection
    -non-contextual/non-associative
    Semantic memory: general factual knowledge like who’s the president (not in context in self-experience)
    Familiarity memory
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2
Q

Semantic memory:

A 
fact memory (like dates of world war)
-nonassociative memory
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3
Q

What is Episodic memory:

A

Associative declarative memory
memory for prior experiences or events
“Mental Time Travel”
Involves autonoetic (self) consciousness)
-events in reference to self and linked to time and space

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4
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

inability to learn new information

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5
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember old memories

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6
Q

What is difference between Recollection vs. Familiarity?

A

Familiarity is the person is familiar but you can’t recall where you know that person
Recollection is remember errything

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7
Q

What is item vs. associative memory?

A 
Item = you remember item irrespective to any other association
Associative = making links…like you saw this while you  playing bball, etc.
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8
Q

How is episodic memory stored and applied in the brain?

A 
A. Processing the memory
	-encoding
	-storage/consolidation
	-retrieval
B. Distributed among multiple neural networks
	-medial temporal lobe
	-frontal
	-parietal
	-unimodal sensory areas (auditory, somatosensory, visual)
	-basal forebrain
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9
Q

What are the medial temporal lobes?

A 
Most important area for memory
A. Hippocampal formation
	-subfields, dentate, subiculum
B. Extrahippocampal 
	-entorhinal cortex
	-parahippocampus
	-perirhinal cortex
Hippocampus located within medial temporal lobe!!!
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10
Q

What are the structures within the hippocampus?

A
  1. (CA1, CA2, CA3…stands for cornu ammonis) Subfields
  2. Dentate
  3. Subiculum
    Hippo looks like a jelly roll!
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11
Q

What are structures in extrahippocampal area?

A
  1. Entorhinal cortex
  2. Parahippocampus
  3. Perirhinal cortex
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12
Q

Function of hippocampus:

A

A. convergence of auditory, visual and somatic (unimodal) signals)
-hence hippocampus sits in the middle of memory generation/processing
B. Convergence for multimodal formation
-BINDS neocortical elements like
-pattern completion of partial cue
-critical for associative memory formation

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13
Q

What are the different functions of components of the medial temporal lobe?

A

Hippocampus = binding
-subiculum = output of the hippocampus
Perirhinal: inputs from ventral visual pathway (“what”)
Parahippocampus: inputs from dorsal visual pathway (“where”)

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14
Q

What is theory of “Dual Process” in how memories has formed?

A

There are two things that supports memory: recollection and familiarity
Recollection involves retrieval of prior event in spatio-temporal context
-mediated by hippocampus
Familiarity (the feeling you got to know somebody
-mediated by perirhinal lesion
Still a motherfucking theory

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15
Q

What are the different distortions of familiarity?

A 
A. Loss of familiarity
	-Capgras
B. Hyperfamiliarity
	-Fregoli Syndrome
	-Reduplicative Paramnesia
C. Deja Vu
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16
Q

What is Capgras?

A

The idea that spouse has been replaced by someone else

Example: wife who says Bob the husband looks like her husband, but does not “feel” like he is her husband

17
Q

What is the extended hippocampal memory system?

A

Papez circuit

  • fornix
  • mamillary bodies
  • anterior thalamic nucleus
  • posterior cingulate/retrosplenial cortex
18
Q

What do lesions of the Papez lead to?

A
  • profound memory loss similar to hippocampal lesion

- functional contribution of the circuit is UNCLEAR motherfuckerrr

19
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome:

A

The most common type of injury to Papez circuit
Seen in thiamine deficient alcoholics
-petechial hemorrhage in the mammillary bodies…lesion of Papez = amnesia
Symptoms: amnesia caused by lesion of Papez

20
Q

What are common causes of temporal limbic amnesia?

A
  • Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome
  • AD
  • hypoxic-ischemic injury
  • Posterior cerebral artery stroke
  • herpes encephalitis
  • hippocampal sclerosis
21
Q

What type of amnesia do you get when you lesion hippocampus?

A

Both anterograde and retrograde

22
Q

Ribot’s Law

A

known as the fact that patients with retrograde amnesia can remember longer term memory better because overtime, the elements of memory gets stored from medial temporal lobe to neocortex

  • explains why people with hippocampal memory loss still have long term memory
  • both semantic and episodic memory affected
23
Q

Whats the role of Frontal lobes in episodic memory formation/retrieval

A

Specific: ventrolateral frontal lobe
Due to semantic retrievals; being able to say an idea or concept allows us to remember
-so if you impair ventrolateral frontal lobe, you get some sort of amnesia
-specific role of the prefrontal cortex in memory is an area of great debatte

24
Q

What happens to memory when frontal lobe is lesioned?

A

Memory gets worse

-greater difficulty on unconstrained tasks at encoding and retrieval

25
Q

How do you separate MTL and frontal lobes?

A
  1. Give the patients a free recall test (both MTL and frontal should be impaired)
  2. Give recognition or cued recall test (if impaired, the MTL problem…frontal lobe patients can’t retrieve but can remember if given cue)
    Also in frontal lobes
    –amnesia improves with environmental support
    While in MTL lesion
    -minimal enhancement in memory performance due to effects of environmental support
26
Q

Characteristics of Frontal lobe lesion

A
  • normal recognition memory or cue recall
  • item memory is normal
  • significant enhancement of memory performance with environment support
27
Q

Characteristics of MTL lesion

A

All aspects of memory is impaired

28
Q

How do you differentiate between retrieval and storage memory deficit?

A

Drill words in these motherfucker
-if patient can recognize items on multiple choice test, the it is just a retrieval deficit (frontal lobe)
if patient CANT recognize items, then there is probably a storage deficit

29
Q

Unimodal sensory areas involved in memroy

A

i. Visual
ii. Sound
Significance: Shit you learned as a picture is remembered as a picture…harder to remember as sound and vice versa

30
Q

What are pathological features of AD?

A

i. Amyloid Plaques: extracellular accumulation of A(beta)
- abnormal processing of APP (amyloid precursor protein) critical to pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease

ii. Neurofibrillary tangles: intracellular, paired helical structures composed of hyperphosporylated tau
- correlate well with disease severity and neuronal death

iii. loss of cholinergic activity

31
Q

Why is memory loss an early feature of AD?

A

Because these plaques and tangles takes place earliest in the MTL
-hippocampal atrophy

32
Q

What are the genetics of AD?

A

95% are sporadic
-2-5% are Autosomal dominant
Chromosome 21 mutation (trisomy 21) associated with amyloid proteins (just one of 4)
Most common sporadic risk factor = ApoE gene…e4 allele here is associated with onset of AD…e4 is thought to clear amyloid

33
Q

What is the effect of scopolamine one memory?

A

Scopolamine is a cholinergic inhibitor that reduces memory performance in healthy subjects
Significance: shows relationship of cholinergic dysfunction to AD and memory loss

34
Q

Basal forebrain:

A

collection of structures located rostrally and ventrally to the striatum
Function: produce acetylcholine that are distributed widely throughout the brain

Includes

  • nucleus basallis
  • band of Broca
  • substantia innominate
  • septal nuclei
35
Q

What artery supplies basal forebrain and could have dire consequences on memory if lesioned?

A

ACA

36
Q

Treatment for AD?

A

AChE inhibitors (to increase cholinergic activity)

B&B Week 3 Flashcards (13 decks)

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