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Molecular 2018 > Lecture 35 > Flashcards

Lecture 35 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ proteins are interchangeable. what does this mean?

A

homologous

it means that genes are interchangeable ex. fly gene proving to be functional in a mouse (“gene rescue”)

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2
Q

True or false: genes expressed in a cell depend on the environment, both past and present. explain

A

true

the cell “memory” retains a record of the signals their ancestors received during embryonic development

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3
Q

Define Blastula

A

a hollow sphere of identical cells

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4
Q

Define gastrula. what is a defining characteristic of this stage?

A

a collection of cells formed by the invagination of a blastula that has 3 major layers

this is where cells begin to differentiate

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5
Q

Define gastrulation

A

the transformation of the blastula into a layered structure

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6
Q

The ectoderm is a precursor of what?

A

nervous system and epidermis

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7
Q

The mesoderm is a precursor of what?

A

gut, lung, and liver

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8
Q

The endoderm is a precursor of what?

A

muscles and connective tissue

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9
Q

What is most important for development?

A

gene regulatory proteins

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10
Q

define gene duplication

A

it yields several homologs of the same gene (usually in higher organisms)

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11
Q

Where are the instructions for producing a multicellular animal? what do these bind to?

A

in the non-coding regulatory DNA that is associated with each gene

they bind to regulatory elements which define the sequential program for development

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12
Q

____ _____ in DNA are similar in most organisms but ____ _____ make one organism different from one another.

A

coding sequences

non-coding sequences

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13
Q

What does it mean when a cell is “determined”?

A

cells that are fated to develop into a specialized cell type despite changes in the environment

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14
Q

What does it mean when a cell is “committed”?

A

cells that have some attributes of a particular cell type but can change with the environment

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15
Q

What does it mean when a cell is “completely undetermined”?

A

cells that can change rapidly due to alterations in the environment

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16
Q

The characters of a cell from genes that are expressed due to it’s location are called what? (what type of cell determination is this?)

A

positional value

regionally determined

17
Q

True or false: cells do not retain a memory of their positional value. explain

A

false

cells DO retain “memory” of genes expressed from their positional value

18
Q

explain asymmetric division of cells and give an example of this

A

when significant sets of molecules are distributed unequally between daughter cells

ex. germ cell development

19
Q

True or False: cells born the same can become different due to environmental changes. explain

A

true

environmental changes can directly or indirectly alter the pattern of gene expression between the 2 cells

20
Q

Define inductive signaling

A

environmental cues from neighboring cells (of a homologous group) that can induce a particular developmental program

21
Q

State and describe the 2 types of inductive cell signals

A

Short range: cell-to-cell contacts

Long range: substances that can diffuse through the extracellular medium (Morphogens)

22
Q

How to morphogens induce their effects on the development of a cell? (describe the 2 ways this may occur)

A

they exert their effects by forming a “gradient” of different concentrations

Inducers: diffuse away from their source and trigger something

inhibitors: diffuse away from their source and blocks that action of a uniformly distributed inducer

“on off system”

23
Q

True or false: there are different morphogens that induce cells to differentiate into a particular cell. explain

A

False.

Cells fate is determined by their location in the gradient of morphogen

ex. lots of morphogen = one cell type and half that amount of morphogen = a different cell type

24
Q

Explain what it means to create asymmetry between 2 initially identical cells by lateral inhibition and positive feedback

A

the system begins as homogenous and symmetrical until the environment imposes weak asymmetry

positive feedback amplifies this asymmetrical effect until the 2 cells are very different

25
Q

____ ______ is a “all or none” phenomenon

A

Broken asymmetry

26
Q

explain Delta notch signaling. explain what happens between 2 adjacent cells undergoing delta notch signaling

A

initially both cells have the same amount of delta notches

then one cell “wins”, creates an active delta notch, and then specializes

prior to a cell “winning” each cell tends to inhibit it’s neighbor (this creates a competition of sorts)

27
Q

State and describe the 3 factors underlying diversity in cell developmental patterns

A

Combinational control: response of a cell to a given signal may differ base on the presence of other signals (different combinations create variety)

Cell Memory: effect of a given signal depends on the previous experiences of the cell (which may have altered it’s chromatin, regulatory proteins, transcription, and/or RNA)

Sequential induction: different signals formed/secreted in a spatial and temporal manner

28
Q

What is the ultimate result of inductive events?

A

a change in DNA transcription

29
Q

what does the response of of a cell to an induction signal depend on?

A

the spatial and temporal expression of different sets of genes within the particular cell

30
Q

State the signaling pathway and receptor family of the following ligand.

EGF

A

Signaling Pathway: RTK

Receptor Family: EGF receptors

31
Q

State the signaling pathway and receptor family of the following ligand.

FGF (branchless)

A

Signaling Pathway: RTK

Receptor Family: FGF receptors (breathless)

32
Q

State the signaling pathway and receptor family of the following ligand.

Ephrins

A

Signaling Pathway: RTK

Receptor Family: Eph receptors

33
Q

State the signaling pathway and receptor family of the following ligand.

TGFbeta

A

Signaling Pathway: TGFbeta superfamily

Receptor Family: TGFbeta receptors

34
Q

State the signaling pathway and receptor family of the following ligand.

BMP (Dpp)

A

Signaling Pathway: TGFbeta superfamily

Receptor Family: BMP receptors

35
Q

State the signaling pathway and receptor family of the following ligand.

Nodal

A

Signaling Pathway: TGFbeta superfamily

Receptor Family: N/A

36
Q

State the signaling pathway and receptor family of the following ligand.

Wnt (Wingless)

A

Signaling Pathway: Wnt

Receptor Family: Frizzled

37
Q

State the signaling pathway and receptor family of the following ligand.

Hedgehog

A

Signaling Pathway: Hedgehog

Receptor Family: Patched, Smoothened

38
Q

State the signaling pathway and receptor family of the following ligand.

Delta

A

Signaling Pathway: Notch

Receptor Family: Notch

39
Q

Once achieved, lateral inhibition and positive feedback is ______. (state the term that fills the blank and define that term)

A

Irreversible

Irreversible: once this is achieved, external signaling becomes irrelevant to the cell

Molecular 2018 (39 decks)

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