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HUBS192 > Lecture 34 - Pelvis and Perineum, Male reproductive system > Flashcards

Lecture 34 - Pelvis and Perineum, Male reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

The reproductive system

A

Differs greatly between males and females

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2
Q

Gonads

A

Organs where gametes (sex cells) are produced

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3
Q

Female gonads

A 
Ovary 
Produce oocytes (colloquially known as eggs)
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4
Q

Male gonads

A

Testes

Produce spermatozoa

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5
Q

Genitalia

A

Allow for coitus so that gametes can fuse to form an embryo (fertilisation)

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6
Q

The pelvis

A 
Bony basin between the trunk and the lower limbs made up of several components 
Hip bones (ilium (winged and most superior and largest part), pubis (bone that makes up the pubic symphysis), ischium) + sacrum + coccyx
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7
Q

The pelvic inlet

A

The arrangement of the pelvis that creates the upper cavity or space between the hip bones and sacrum.

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8
Q

Pelvic outlet

A

The arrangement of the pelvis that creates the lower cavity between the bony landmarks of the coccyx, the pubic symphysis and the ischial spines.

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9
Q

Pelvic inlet and outlet

A

Pelvic inlet is open
Pelvic outlet is closed by muscles (always closed by the pelvic floor musculature)
Inlet is always bigger than the outlet

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10
Q

What are the two pelvic subdivisions?

A

False/greater pelvis

True/lesser pelvis

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11
Q

False/greater pelvis

A

Superior region
Above pelvic inlet
Contain GI tract

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12
Q

True/lesser pelvis

A

Inferior region
Between the inlet and the outlet
Contains the internal reproductive organs

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13
Q

Male vs female pelvis

A

Female - function is to support pregnancy as foetus develops but also for the birthing process
Broader subpubiz angle
Oval shaped inlet
Straighter coccyx
Differences in bony structures due to adaptations for pregnancy
Subpubic angle of greater than or equal to 100 degrees

Male 
Narrower subpubiz angle 
Heart shaped inlet 
Curved coccyx 
Subpubic angle of below 90 degrees
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14
Q

Pelvic floor (pelvis diaphragm)

A

Closes over pelvic outlet
Two muscles - Levator ani and Coccygeus - these muscles provide a sling which supports all of the internal organs
Openings in the pelvic floor (2 or 3 depending on sex) - urethra, anal canal, vagina (females only)

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15
Q

Two muscles of the pelvic floor

A

Levator ani

Coccygeus

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16
Q

Openings in the pelvic floor

A

Urethra
Anal canal
Vagina (females)

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17
Q

Deep transverse perineal muscle

A

The function of the muscle is fixation of the perineal body (central tendon of perineum), support of the pelvic floor, expulsion of semen in males and last drops of urine in both sexes.

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18
Q

How many openings for female?

A

3

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19
Q

How many openings for males?

A

2

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20
Q

Urogenital triangle

A

Anterior
Urethral opening and external genitalia
In females you also find the opening called the vagina

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21
Q

Anal triangle

A

Posterior

Anal canal and fat

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22
Q

Male perineum

A

Region inferior to the pelvic floor and between the upper region of the thighs
Includes external genitalia and anus

Two triangular divisions called the urogenital triangle (anterior) and the anal triangle (posterior)

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23
Q

Internal reproductive organs are found in the cavity enclosed by the ___________ pelvis

A

True/lesser

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24
Q

The external genitalia is found in the ________ triangle of the perineal region

A

Urogenital

25
Q

Openings in the male pelvic floor include

A

Urethra and the anus

26
Q

Openings in the female pelvic floor include

A

Urethra, anus and the vagina

27
Q

Functions of the male reproductive system

A

To produce spermatozoa (sperm/male gamete)

Transport spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract

28
Q

What is the male reproductive system made up of?

A

Testes (male gonad)
Reproductive tract/duct
Accessory structures and glands

29
Q

Male reproductive tract

A

The path that the sperm travels along includes the testes, epididymis, ductus deferns, ejaculatory duct and the urethra

30
Q

Testes

A

Production of spermatozoa
Paired structure found in the scrotum tissue structure
Also makes hormones such as testosterone and inhibin

31
Q

Epididymis

A

A long, narrow, convoluted tube, part of the spermatic fact system, that lies on the posterior aspect of each testicle, connecting it to the vans deferens

Three regions - head, body and tail
Tightly coiled tube where sperm maturation occurs - not able to swum yet, gain the ability to be motile in the epididymis, do not swim up ductus deferns, only swim when they are mixed with the seminal fluid
Sperm enter from the seminiferous tubules and exit via the ductus deferns

32
Q

Ductus (van) deferens

A

The main duct through which semen is carried from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct

Also known as vas deferns 
Continues from the epididymis 
Starts in the spermatic cord 
Covered by smooth muscle 
Runs behind the urinary bladder 
Dilates to form the ampulla

Sit of sperm storage and it is stored here until ejaculation takes place and if it is not used in ejaculation then it is removed through the urethra through urination
Provides a passage way for sperm into the pelvic cavity proper

33
Q

Ampulla

A

The ampulla of ductus deferens is an enlargement of the ductus deferens at the fundus of the bladder which acts as a reservoir for sperm.

34
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

Either of the paired ducts in males, formed by the junction of the seminal ducts with the vas deferns, that pass through the prostate and empty into the urethra, and through which semen is ejaculated.

Small region that opens into the urethra

Formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla
Opens in the prostatic urethra
Sits meal to the seminal vesicles

35
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Key role in producing components of the seminal fluid

36
Q

Prostate gland

A

A gland in male mammals surrounding the urethra at the base of the bladder that controls release of urine from the bladder and secretes a fluid that is a major constituent of semen

37
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

a pair of pea shaped exocrine glands located posterolateral to the membranous urethra. They contribute to the final volume of semen by producing a lubricating mucus secretion.

38
Q

Urethra

A

For urine and ejaculation
Prostatic urethra is surrounded by the postage and then through the pelvic floor it is known as the membranous urethra and from here the spongy/penile urethra
Epithelium changes from transitions to columnar to stratified squamous as you go through each region of the urethra

39
Q

Penis

A

The penis is the male sex organ. In addition to its sexual function with ejaculation, the penis acts as a medium for urine to leave the body.

40
Q

Scrotum

A

The scrotum is a sac of skin that hangs from the body at the front of the pelvis, between the legs. Contains the testes. These are two oval-shaped glands responsible for producing and storing sperm.

41
Q

What does the scrotum contain?

A 
Two testes (singular is testis) 
Two epididymides (singular is epididymis) 
Two spermatic cords (with part of the ductus deferens)
42
Q

Testes produce…

A

Sperm, testosterone and inhibin

43
Q

Location of testes

A

Lie in the scrotum - outside of the body

44
Q

Testes are surrounded by

A

Dense fibrous capsule - the tunica albuginea

45
Q

Semineferous tubules

A

Seminiferous tubules are located within the testes, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of male gametes, namely spermatozoa.

Testes have lobules containing seminiferous tubules

Tubules join to form rete testis

Join to form ductules leading to the epididymis

Interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells produce testosterone (key to regulating the male reproductive system because of its role in producing testosterone) - located adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes

Nurse (sertoli) cells produce inhibin (supporting developing spermatozoa as well as having a hormonal role) - located within the seminiferous tubules

Spermatogenic cells: Spermatogonia and spermatozoa at various stages of development

Surrounded by a basement membrane, germ cells are around the basement membrane

46
Q

Rete testis

A

network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts.

47
Q

Intestinal endocrine (leydig) cells

A

Interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cells produce testosterone (key to regulating the male reproductive system because of its role in producing testosterone) - located adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testes

48
Q

Nurse (sertoli) cells

A

Nurse (sertoli) cells produce inhibin (supporting developing spermatozoa as well as having a hormonal role) - located within the seminiferous tubules

49
Q

Spermatogenic cells

A

Spermatogenic cells: Spermatogonia and spermatozoa at various stages of development

50
Q

Myoid cells

A

Transport spermatozoa when it is ready

51
Q

Three sections of the male urethra

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy/penile

52
Q

Urinary/urethral sphincters

A

External - skeletal muscle, voluntary control of urination

Internal - detrusor muscle (smooth muscle therefore involuntary)
Closes bladder ensuring sperm ejaculated through the urethra
Retrogade ejaculation - sphincter does not close, therefore sperm ends up in the bladder - want to prevent this because it would dilute the semen due to there being the presence of urine also

53
Q

Internal urinary sphincter

A

Internal - detrusor muscle (smooth muscle therefore involuntary)
Closes bladder ensuring sperm ejaculated through the urethra
Retrogade ejaculation - sphincter does not close, therefore sperm ends up in the bladder - want to prevent this because it would dilute the semen due to there being the presence of urine also

54
Q

External urinary sphincter

A

External - skeletal muscle, voluntary control of urination

55
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

In the seminiferous tubules within the testes

56
Q

The path of sperm summary

A

From the seminiferous tubules, the spermatozoa travel into the epididymis, the ductus deferens, the ejaculatory ducts and finally the urethra

57
Q

What prevents the sperm ending up in the bladder during ejaculation?

A

Internal urethral sphincter which is made up of the detrusor muscle that closes over the bladder - closes during ejaculation to prevent sperm ending up in the bladder

58
Q

What are the three regions of the epididymis called?

A

Head
Body
Tail

59
Q

Where would you find a spermatogonia?

A

Found within the seminiferous tubules and they are found close to the basement membrane of these tubules

HUBS192 (39 decks)

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