Lecture 34: Health of Young people

Question 1

Is the proportion of young people higher than was before and how many out of the world’s population

Answer 1

yes, 1/6

Question 2

What is the trend with high vs low and middle income countries (lmi) on number of young people

Answer 2

86% live in lmi.

Question 3

Why are the disease/injury burden preventable or treatable but often neglected

Answer 3

They are perceived to be the healthier group

Question 4

What are the leading causes of DALYs Globally for 10-24yrolds

Answer 4

Mental health and substance use, other non communicable diseases, Diarrhoea/ lower resp infections

Question 5

What are the trends of the causes of death Globally for 10-24yrolds

Answer 5

Injuries (transport & self harm) leading with communicable diseases going down but HIV/AIDs going up

Question 6

What is the variable trend in youth health depending on where you live

Answer 6

mental+ road injury higher in HIC, whereas LIC has more communicable diseases, incl HIVAIDS. MIC mixed

Question 7

What examples of countries have multi burden

Answer 7

lower africa, south east asia and india

Question 8

What are the leading global risk factors for deaths of youth

Answer 8

Alcohol use, unsafe sex has increased rapidly. Unsafe water

Question 9

What are the leading causes of dalys in NZ

Answer 9

DALYS= mental health and substance use, other NCDs, self harm and violence

Question 10

What are the leading causes of deaths in NZ

Answer 10

Self harm and violence, transport injuries and neoplasms

Question 11

What are the limitations of the Youth 2000 survey

Answer 11

Measurement bias and Recruitment bias, Establishing causal relationships

Question 12

What was the strengths and weakness of measurement in Youth 2000 survey

Answer 12

Strength: more likely to provide honest answer (privacy, confidentiality). more likely to respond to survey - more engaging so better response rates
Weaknesses: Can’t eliminate them giving socially acceptable answers, can’t support youth that are at risk, language difficulties and disabilities may no complete survey: Recruitment bias

Question 13

What was the strengths and weakness of recruitment in Youth 2000 survey

Answer 13

Strength: 70% response rate, random schools and random pupils at school
Weakness: Young people not at school or have disability not represented,so groups with higher risk to adverse health outcomes are underepresented

Question 14

What is the limitation of crossectional study: examining causal relationship

Answer 14

Because outcome and exposure measured at the same time, difficult to know causality therefore Temporality BH criteria unlikely to be fulfilled. Need to do longitudinal study to determine risk factors.

Question 15

What is the inverse care law

Answer 15

The availability of good medical/ social care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served

Question 16

What are examples of inverse care law

Answer 16

Students with disability more likely to have injuries and more likely have difficulties accessing medical care.

Question 17

What are the implications of the Youth 2000 survey

Answer 17

Continue to track prevalence of health indicators, determining, evaluating and creating policy and practice.

Question 18

What is a ‘strengths-based’ approaches to positive youth development

Answer 18

Promotion of sources of resilience to address the social determinants of health

Question 19

What is Resilience

Answer 19

The ability to spring back despite adversity

Question 20

How can prevalence estimates of risk and protective factors be derived from cross sectional studies

Answer 20

comparing the same outcomes over successive years. Comparing different responses for different groups. But establishing cause can be hard

Question 21

Why is resilience important

Answer 21

People with various protective/ resiliency fators may be less vulnerable to harm despite exposure to risk. The presence of resiliency factors is associated with reduction of health risk behaviours.

Question 22

What is the relationship between neighbourhood characteristics and student well being

Answer 22

Better social cohesion/ better membership in community organisations = better student wellbeing

Question 23

What are the factors behind resilience

Answer 23

-Family connections: time/meals/ care.
-School connections:
adults, safe, part, fair teachers
-Community connections
friends, neighbours, workmates, volunteer, community groups