lecture 34 Flashcards
rochet, pathophysiology of CNS disorders
what are the parts of the hindbrain?
medulla
pons
cerebellum
what are the parts of the midbrain?
substantia nigra (SN)
what parts of the forebrain?
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia: striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus
limbic system: hippocampus, amygdala
diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus
what is the signficance of disfunction in the cerebellum?
undergoes nuerodegeneration in spinocerebella ataxias
what is the significance of disfunction in the substantia nigra compacta?
undergoes neurodegeneration in parkinson’s disease
what are the roles of the parts of limbic system?
amygdala - emotions
hippocampus - memory
what CNS disorder is due to disfunction in the frontal cortex?
schizophrenia
what brain structures are directly involved in controlling involuntary functions?
hypothalamus and medulla oblongata
what are the different types of glial cells?
astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
what is the role of astrocytes?
provide neurons with growth factors, antioxidants
remove excess glutamate (excitotoxic neurotransmitter)
support the BBB
what is the role of oligodendrocytes?
produce myelin sheath that insulates axons
what is the role of microglia?
provide growth factors
clear debris via phagocytosis
role in neuroinflammation
what is an EPSP?
excitatory postsynaptic potential –> sub threshold depolarization peak
excitatory neurotransmitters induce it
what are the different areas that drugs can alter synaptic transmission?
1) entry into presynaptic nueron
2) synthesis
3) storage
4) metabolism
5) release from storage
6) uptake into storage or glia
7) degradation
8) reaching the receptor
9) ionic conductance
what are the main MOA of drugs that target CNS disorders?
agonist, antagonist, or partial agonist at synaptic receptor (8)
target enzymatic metabolism (4/7)
target transport into the presynaptic neuron or neighboring glial cells (6)
what is the role of glycine?
similar to GABA, but acts in the spinal cord
common aa nuerotransmitter
excitatory
what are common aa neurotransmitters?
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
glycine
glutamate
how can glutamate cause damage?
excess glutamate can cause neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca2+ influx into the neuron
what are common non-aa neurotransmitters?
acetylcholine
dopamine (DA)
norepinephrine
serotonin; 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)
what are drugs target acetylcholine?
cholinesterase inhibitors like Aricpet which is used to treat alzheimer’s disease
what are the SE of drugs that block DAT and increase extracellular DA?
euphoria –> leading to addiction
ex –> amphetamine/cocaine
how is DA related to CNS disorders?
excessive dopaminergic signaling may be involved in schizophrenia
loss of DA nuerons in SN is responsible for PD
what are drug classes that interact with the DA pathway?
antipsychotics (D2 receptor antagonists)
D2/D3 and D1 receptor agonists for PD
what drugs target norepinephrine?
NET (norepinephrine transporter) inhibitors are used to treat depression
what is a raphe (rah-fay) nuclei?
a group of cell bodies that lead to 5-HT axon arise
what are drug classes that interact with 5-HT receptors?
5-HT2a antagonists (atypical antipsychotics)
SERT uptake inhibitors (depression)
5-HT2a agonists (hallucinogenics, LSD)
