Lecture 34 Flashcards

1
Q

Where do IgM and IgD producing cells come from

A

Primary focus

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2
Q

Which immunoglobulins to memory B cells express

A

Mainly–>IgG (some IgA and IgE) and further undergoing somatic hypermutation
Some–> IgM

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3
Q

What does Memory B cells express higher levels of than naive B cells

A

Higher levels of
1) MHC class II
2) CD40
3) Receptors for survival and proliferation

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4
Q

Where do Memory B cells reside

A

Circulate in blood
Reside in spleen and lymph nodes

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5
Q

Types of Memory T cells

A

Central memory T cells (Tcm) and Effector memory T cells (Tem)

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6
Q

Where do Central memory T cells (Tcm) reside/travel

A

Between secondary lymphoid tissues

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7
Q

Effect on Central memory T cell after second antigen exposure

A

Rapidly reactivate

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8
Q

Which memory T cell can differentiate into several subtypes

A

Central memory T cell (Tcm), depending on cytokine environment
ex. (Th1, Th1…)

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9
Q

Where do Effector memory T cells (Tem) travel

A

To/Between Tertiary tissues

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10
Q

Which Memory T cell contributes better to first-line defense

A

Effector memory T cells (Tem) as they can interact with local APC

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11
Q

Effect on Effector Memory T cell (Tem) after second antigen exposure

A

Shift right back into effector functions

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12
Q

Do Memory T cell require strong co-stimulatory signal or cytokines

A

NO, already have large expression of CD28

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13
Q

What differentiated Tcm and Tem

A

Location and commitment to effector function

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14
Q

Which T cells are memory T cells closer to

A

Closer to effector T cells than naive T cells

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15
Q

Memory T cell vs effector T cell

A

Memory T cell
1) Requires less for activation
2) Express unique set of receptors (different surface adhesion molecules and costimulatory receptors)
3) Less sensitive to restimulation, but still require contact with p:MHC
Become effector upon reactivation

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16
Q

Memory T cells Fate determinants

A

1) Cytokines (IL-7, IL-15)
2) Notch1
3) Strength of antigen interaction

17
Q

Action of IL-7

A

IL-7 increases expression of Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic factor)

18
Q

Which memory CD cells are more abundant

A

CD8+ T cells, but still require help of CD4+ T cell for longevity

19
Q

What is it to Immunize

A

Make someone or an animal resistant to a particular infectious disease or pathogen

20
Q

How can protective immunity be achieved

A

By passive or active immunization

21
Q

What is Passive immunity

A

Temporary adaptive immunity through the transfer of immune products (no memory)
ex. Antibody (serum) from an immune individual to an nonimmune one

22
Q

Examples of Passive immunity

A

Monoclonal therapy for SARS-CoV-2
Breastmilk from mom to newborn
ZMapp therapy against Ebola virus (combination of 3 monoclonal antibodies)

23
Q

What is active immunity

A

Adaptive immunity induced by natural exposure to a pathogen or by vaccination

24
Q

When to use Passive immunization

A

1) Immune deficiency
2) Toxin or venom exposure with immediate threat to life
3) Exposure to pathogens that can cause death faster than an effective immune response can develop

25
What is Original antigenic sin
When memory cells are enlisted rather than activating naive cells (once we have an effective response) Can happen in both passive and active immunization
26
What can Active immunization induce
Immunity and memory
27
How can active immunization be acquired
1) Natural exposure to infectious agent (chickenpox parties) 2) acquired artificially (vaccination)
28
Mechanism of Vaccination
Purposefully inducing specific immune response (with memory) by exposing a person to an altered and non-dangerous form or component of the infectious agent
29
What lymphocytes does Active immunization recruit
B and T cell response
30
Function of Adjuvants
Enhance immune response to a vaccine Found in attenuated vaccines
31
What is an attenuated vaccine
A vaccine containing a virus with multiple mutations to prevent productive infection in immunocompetent humans Have built-in adjuvant
32
What is Herd immunity
When the majority of the population is immune to an infectious agent, significantly reducing pathogen reservoir (due to low chance of susceptible individual contacting infected individual)