Lecture 32 Flashcards

1
Q

Diversification of HLA molecules

A

1) Polymorphism
2) Polygeny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diversification of TCRs

A

1) Combinatorial diversity
2) Junctional diversity
3) Pairing (alpha and beta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Primary diversification of BCR/Igs

A

1) Combinatorial diversity
2) Junctional diversity
3) Combination of H and L chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Secondary diversification of BCR/Igs

A

1) Somatic hypermutation
2) Class switching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Zones of Germinal Center

A

Dark and Light zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is found within the Light zone of Germinal Centers

A

TFH, FDC (follicular dendritic cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Main role of Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)

A

Found in germinal center light zone
Retain antigen like SCS macrophages
Lots of receptors for complement protein, not much phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Characteristics of B cells first entering germinal center

A

1) Encountered antigen (signal 1) and have been activated by a T cell at the B-T border (signal 2) and proliferated
2) Can produce IgM/IgD of a baseline affinity (transmembrane)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Class switching in germinal center

A

Same antigen specificity
IgM/IgD–>IgG, IgA, OR IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Light zone is the site of…

A

Plasma and memory cell differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dark zone is the site of…

A

Somatic hypermutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of FDCs in germinal center

A

Serve as antigen concentration site for future selection and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Function of TFH in germinal center

A

Interact with B cells to provide conditions for differentiation and memory cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Requirement for B cells to interact with TFH

A

Linked recognition
B cell must process antigen and present it on MHC II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plasma Cell outcome after germinal center

A

1) Stop expressing high levels of BCR
2) Secrete Ig of same specificity as BCR of their progenitor B cell
3) Bind antigen with higher affinity
4) Secreted Ig can be IgG, IgA, or IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Memory cell outcome after germinal center

A

1) Express high levels of BCR
2) BCR has same specificity as progenitor B cell
3) BCR has higher affinity

17
Q

What is AID

A

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
Protein responsible for somatic mutations–>deaminate cytidine residues is ssDNA

18
Q

Mechanism of AID

A

Produces point mutations in Ig heavy and light chain V regions
cytidine–>uridine
Some changes are non-productive

19
Q

Where does somatic hypermutation mainly occur

A

In CDR loops of V regions

20
Q

When does class switching occur

A

After antigen contact (signal 2 for a second time) in germinal center

21
Q

Signal required to initiate class switch recombination (CSR)

A

B cells MUST receive costimulatory signals from CD40 to engage in CSR
Cytokine signal received determine which isotype is produced

22
Q

Where are switch regions located

A

1) 1 after VDJ region
2) 1 upstream of the constant region to be recombined

23
Q

Pathway of class switch recombination

A

B cell + cytokine signal–>transcription upstream of constant region–>DNA is now accessible to AID–>point mutations occur on ssDNA–>nicks are made on both DNA strands (irreversible)–> double stranded DNA breaks upstream of constant region are recombined–>DNA repaired by cutting out intervening DNA–>selected region now adjacent to VDJ region

24
Q

What is found in the dark zone of the germinal center

A

Mainly B cells

25
What handles early reinfection (protective immunity)
Pre-formed antibodies and effector T cells from primary response
26
What handles late reinfection (immunological memory)
Immune memory B and T cells
27
What is immunological memory
Ability of immune system to respond more rapidly and more effectively on a second encounter with an antigen (resistance to re-exposure)
28
Characteristics of immunological memory
1) Antigen specific 2) Memory responses occur after primary response by lymphocytes generated during late primary response 3) Long-lived
29
in comparison to primary responses, memory responses have...
1) More antibodies and cells 2) Different antibodies with higher affinity 3) Different lymphocyte features
30
Where can antibodies be measured
In serum
31
Which lymphocyte is easier to detect/monitor immunological memory
B cells
32
Where do Memory T cells reside
In tissue