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Molecular Biology Exam III > Lecture 31: Stem Cells > Flashcards

Lecture 31: Stem Cells Flashcards

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1
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Founder Stem Cells

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  • Each organ/tissue has a fixed number of founder cell poplutions programmed to have fixed number of divisions
  • Controlled by short range signals that operate for a few hundred cell diameters
  • Define the size of large final structures
  • If the adult organ needs to be renewed, founder stem cells can divide as stem cells giving rise to one daughter cell that remains a stem cell and a set of cells tha have a set numebr of transit amplifying divisions
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Transit Amplifying Cells

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  • Some characteristics of a stem cell and some of a differentiated cell
  • Leave basal layer and are incorporated into the layers above
  • They are programmed ot divide for limited number of times and then differentiate
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5
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Types of Stem cells

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  • embryonic stem cells
  • Adult stem cells or tissue-specific stem cells
  • Fetal stem cells
  • Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS cells)
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6
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Embryonic stem cells

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  • Derived from the blastocyst stage of embryo
  • Capable of proliferating indefinitely in cluture with unrestricted developmental potential
  • Develop into different cell types with characteristics appropriate for that site
  • If they are put back into blastocyt they can integrate well with the embryo
    • but if they are injected into an embryo at a later stage or into an adult they fail to receive appropriate sequence of cues for proper differentiation
      • often becoming a tumor
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7
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Embryonic stem cells and Teratomas

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  • ES cells give rise to disorganized growths called teratomas
  • The defining feature of an ES cell is its ability to differentiate into a wide range of tissues
  • Teratomas do not display axis formation or segmentation
  • Unlike embryos, ES cells on their own are incapable of generating the body plan.
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8
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Application of Embryonic Stem Cells

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  • They are strong, reliable, and have highly reproducible data tha establishes pluripotency
  • they provide a solid theoretical and experimental foundation to:
    • Induce development of specialized cell types
    • Solve rejection problems
  • have good growth properties
  • Promising “proof-of-principle” research
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9
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Successful Treatment of Animal models of Disease with mouse ES cell-derived Cells

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  • Severe immune deficiency
  • Diabetes
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Spinal injury
  • Demyelination
  • Myocardial infarction
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10
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What is somatic cell nuclear transfer

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  • Nucleus taken from somatic cell of patient and injected into oocyte of a donor replacing the oocyte nucleus
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11
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is immune rejection a serious problem in adult stem cells

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yes (grafted cells are rejected by host if genetically different)

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12
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The key determinants of ES cell character are

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gene regulatory proteins

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13
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gene regulatory proteins of ES cells

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  • Oct 3/4
  • Sox 2
  • Myc
  • KIF 4
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14
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When gene regulatory protein (Oct 3/4, Sox2, Myc, and KIF4) are injected into a fibroblast it will become

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ES like cell (though the yield is low and it is not identical to ES cell)

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15
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Transcription factors that are essential for establisment and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells in embryo,

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  • Nanog
  • Oct4
  • Sox2
  • FoxD3
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16
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What transcription factor is required for early stages of pluripotent cell differentiation

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  • GCNF
17
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___ and ___ are growth factors found in pluripotent cells

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  • Cripto
  • GDF-3
18
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Adult stem cells ability for proper tissue orginization, growth or repair rquire that there be restrictions on developmental potential of adult stem cells. These limits are

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strictly imposed by powerful molecular restraints on gene expression and are heritable during many rounds of cell division

19
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an example of how adult stem cells show relaxation of molecular restraints/restrictions on gene expression in an altered environment

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Plasticity (note that plasticity is observed usually at low frequency)

20
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Most work suggest that the application of adullt stem cells

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is restricted in capacity and growth and is thus not a replacable alternative for embryonic stem cells.

21
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Somatic Cell Nuclear transfer

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  • Combines cloning methods with embyronic stem cell technology to produce cells which are custom made for patient
  • Purpose
    • a promising solution to problem of tissue rejection as cells express the patient’s genes
    • Embryonic stem cell lines created from patients with certain diseases, to study disease development and to develop drugs
  • Resuearch has enabled reprogramming of adult cells without going through embryo step
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Where to draw the line in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

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Molecular Biology Exam III (10 decks)

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