lecture 3 two nation theory Flashcards
What was the ideological foundation that led to the creation of Pakistan?
The Two-Nation Theory
The theory posited that Muslims and Hindus in the Indian subcontinent were distinct nations with separate identities.
What premise did the Two-Nation Theory argue?
Muslims needed a separate state to live freely according to their faith and traditions.
When was Pakistan formed?
August 14, 1947.
What event marked the beginning of Muslim rule in India?
The conquest of Sindh in 711 AD by Muhammad bin Qasim.
What were the two key empires that solidified a distinct Muslim identity in India?
- Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
- Mughal Empire (1526–1857)
Which British policy favored Hindus in administration, impacting Muslims?
The British East India Company’s rule beginning in 1757.
Who is recognized as the pioneer of the Two-Nation Theory?
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817–1898).
What institution did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advocate for?
Aligarh Muslim University.
Which prominent figure envisioned a separate Muslim state in northwestern India?
Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938).
What name did Chaudhry Rahmat Ali coin in 1933?
‘Pakistan’.
What did the Lahore Resolution of 1940 demand?
The creation of separate Muslim-majority states in the northwest and eastern regions of India.
What was the impact of Hindu nationalist movements on Muslims in British India?
They alienated many Muslims.
What was a key incident that heightened the divide between Hindus and Muslims?
The Hindi-Urdu controversy (1867).
What was the outcome of the partition of India in 1947?
The establishment of Pakistan and significant violence and displacement.
What was the main driving force behind the creation of Pakistan?
The Two-Nation Theory.
What did the Two-Nation Theory argue about Hindus and Muslims?
That they were separate nations with distinct identities.
What was the significance of the Lahore Resolution?
It formalized the demand for Pakistan.
True or False: The partition of India was peaceful and without violence.
False.
Fill in the blank: The _______ provided limited self-governance but did not address Muslim concerns.
Government of India Act (1935).
Who was the primary leader that transformed the Two-Nation Theory into a political movement?
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948).
What did British colonial rule initially pursue in India?
A ‘divide and rule’ policy.
What was a consequence of the 1937 elections for Muslims?
It cemented the belief that Muslims needed a separate state.
What was the role of the Cripps Mission (1942) and Cabinet Mission Plan (1946)?
Both failed to provide adequate safeguards for Muslims.
What did the Two-Nation Theory validate in 1947?
The creation of Pakistan.
