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PEDS > lecture 3 [toddler diseases + immunizations] > Flashcards

lecture 3 [toddler diseases + immunizations] Flashcards

1
Q

what can nurses use to control children’s pain when administering immunizations?

A
  • buzzy bee
  • pain spray
  • EMLA cream (lidocaine)
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2
Q

where can nurses administer immunizations?

A
  • vastus lateralis
  • deltoid
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3
Q

what are the side effects of Hep B immunization?

A
  • redness at site
  • joint pain
  • anaphylaxis
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4
Q

what are the contraindications for the Hep B vaccine?

A

allergy to yeast

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5
Q

how is diphtheria transmitted?

A
  • skin contact
  • droplet
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6
Q

how do the tonsils look when a child is infected with diphtheria?

A
  • thick
  • bluish-white patches present
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7
Q

what are the manifestations for diphtheria infection?

A
  • fever
  • anorexia
  • malaise
  • cough
  • hoarseness
  • odor
  • sore throat
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8
Q

what are the complications for diphtheria?

A
  • myocarditis
  • ascending paralysis
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9
Q

how can a nurse treat diphtheria?

A
  • IV antitoxin
  • Penicillin G
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10
Q

how does tetanus manifest?

(5)

A
  • stiff neck & jaw
  • facial spasms
  • difficulty swallowing
  • muscle rigidity
  • opisthotonus
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11
Q

what are the complications for tetanus?

A
  • laryngospasm
  • respiratory distress
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12
Q

how can a nurse treat tetanus?

A
  • tetanus shot
  • ICU care
  • ventilator
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13
Q

what are the precautions for pertussis?

A
  • droplet
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14
Q

what are the symptoms for pertussis?

A
  • runny nose
  • severe cough (whooping upon inspiration)
  • spasms
  • flushing
  • cyanosis
  • vomiting
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15
Q

how do you treat pertussis?

A
  • antibiotics
  • steroids
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16
Q

what are the side effects for DTaP?

A
  • redness
  • pain
  • 101 fever
  • fussy
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17
Q

what are serious side effects of DTaP?

A
  • anaphylaxis
  • shock
  • 102+ temp
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18
Q

what are the contraindications for DTaP?

A
  • previous reactions
  • if immunoglobulin was received 90 days prior
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19
Q

what does cocooning mean in the context of vaccination?

A

vaccinate everyone surrounding the infant

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20
Q

what are the signs of poliomyelitis?

A
  • fever
  • HA
  • stiff neck
  • progressive muscular weakness
  • respiratory difficulties
  • paralysis
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21
Q

what are the complications for poliomyelitis?

A
  • permanent motor paralysis
  • respiratory arrest
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22
Q

what are the side effects for the IPV?

A
  • swelling
  • tenderness
  • irritability
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23
Q

what is IPV contraindicated with?

A

allergies to neomycin & streptomycin

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24
Q

how are measles transmitted?

A
  • airborne
  • droplet (direct contact with)
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25
Q

what are the signs for measles?

A
  • Koplik spots (white or red in the mouth)
  • rashes (head to toe)
  • high fever
  • conjunctivitis
  • coryza (runny nose)
  • cough
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26
Q

when do rashes appear in measles?

A

3-7 days after onset

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27
Q

what are the complications for measles?

A
  • pneumonia
  • bronchitis
  • encephalitis
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28
Q

measles

A
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29
Q

how are mumps transmitted?

A

direct contact

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30
Q

what are the signs for mumps?

A
  • malaise
  • low grade fever
  • earache
  • HA
  • pain with chewing
  • swollen parotid glands
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31
Q

what are the complications for mumps?

A
  • orchitis
  • deafness
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32
Q

what are the precautions for Rubella?

A

droplet

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33
Q

what are the signs for Rubella?

A
  • pink rashes
  • low-grade fever
  • HA
  • sore throat
  • red & inflamed eyes
  • joint pain
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34
Q

why is it dangerous for a pregnant woman to contract Rubella?

A

could potentially lead to miscarriage or stillbirth

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35
Q

what are the side effects of the MMR vaccine?

A
  • fever
  • redness
  • rash
  • joint pain
  • encephalopathy
  • chronic arthritis
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36
Q

what does the Hib vaccine prevent?

(4); Haemophilus Influenza Type B

A
  • bacterial meningitis
  • epiglottitis
  • bacterial pneumonia
  • sepsis
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37
Q

how is varicella transmitted?

A

direct contact

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38
Q

what are the signs for varicella?

A
  • mild fever
  • malaise
  • irritability
  • centripetal rash (highly pruritic)
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39
Q

how to treat varicella?

A
  • Benadryl
  • IV Acyclovir
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40
Q

where does the rash start in varicella?

A

chest, face, or back

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41
Q

when is it appropriate for a child as young as 2 months to be able to get PCV-7?

pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

A
  • sickle cell disease
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • renal failure
  • organ transplants
  • HIV
  • cochlear implants
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42
Q

what are the signs for scarlet fever?

A
  • peeling hands
  • strawberry tongue
  • high fever
  • HA
  • vomiting
  • chills
  • sore throat
  • rash
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43
Q

what does the tongue look like for a child with scarlet fever?

A

white, strawberry tongue then red

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44
Q

what is the comorbidity for scarlet fever?

A

strep infection

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45
Q

what is most common cause for severe diarrhea?

A

rotavirus

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46
Q

what is a contraindication for the flu vaccine?

A

egg allergy

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47
Q

what are the signs & symptoms of HPV?

A
  • genital warts
  • skin warts
  • warts on mucous membranes
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48
Q

what can HPV lead to?

A

cervical cancer

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49
Q

how does roseola manifest?

A
  • 3 days of fever
  • non-puritic rash (on trunk or chest only)
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50
Q

which organism is responsible for roseola?

A

Herpes virus 6

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51
Q

what are the signs for Rotavirus?

A
  • vomiting
  • watery diarrhea
  • (3-8 days)
  • fever
  • abdominal pain
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52
Q

what is the most common sexually transmitted infection?

A

HPV

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53
Q

what is the incubation period for rotavirus?

54
Q

at what age do children need the HPV vaccine?

A

11 - 12 years old

55
Q

which virus causes Fifths disease?

A

human parovirus B19

56
Q

what are the first manifestations of Fifths disease?

A
  • “slapped cheek”
  • fever
  • rhinorrhea
  • HA
57
Q

what are the precautions for Fifths disease?

A

droplet precautions

58
Q

first manifestations of Fifths disease show before its hallmarks of lacy rashes

A

true

prodromal stage

59
Q

how do the rashes progress for Fifths disease?

A
  1. red spots appear on UE & LE
  2. after a week the rash becomes itchy & spread to all body surfaces (including soles of feet)
60
Q

what are the causes for conjunctivitis?

A
  • bacterial
  • viral
  • Chlamydia
61
Q

what are the signs of conjunctivitis?

A
  • purulent drainage
  • crusting eyelids
  • swollen lids
  • reddened conjuntiva
  • excessive tearing
62
Q

what is the nursing care for stomatitis?

A
  • control pain
  • swish & swallow
  • hydration
63
Q

which conditions make a child more susceptible to stomatitis?

A
  • immunocompromise
  • coxsackie virus
64
Q

in which age group is enterobiasis most common?

A

5 - 14 year olds

65
Q

what is the cardinal symptom of enterobiasis?

A

intense peri-anal itching

66
Q

what are the medications for enterobiasis?

A
  • Albendazole
  • Pyrvinium pamoate
67
Q

parents treating their child’s enterobiasis with pyrivinium pamoate are worried their child’s underwear has blood. what does the nurse say?

A

advise that the medication can leave red stains on clothing

68
Q

what are the precautions for a child with scabies?

A

full contact isolation

69
Q

which bacteria is impetigo caused by?

A
  • strep
  • staph
70
Q

what are the manifestations of impetigo?

A
  • pruritus
  • redness
  • honey-colored crusting
  • yellow exudate
71
Q

impetigo is the most common bacterial skin condition in children

72
Q

what is the treatment for impetigo?

A
  • wash 2-3 times / day w/ soap & water (or saline)
  • antibiotics
  • cut fingernails
  • DO NOT remove crusts (it leaves skin open for bacteria to enter)
73
Q

how can a nurse treat scabies and for how long?

A

use 5% Permethrin to leave on for 8 - 12 hours for 7 days covering the whole body

74
Q

how can a nurse manage head lice (pediculosis capitis)?

A
  • eliminate eggs (not louse itself)
  • separate hair sections with Q-tips
  • wash the hair 2x with Nix shampoo
  • use fine-toothed combs
75
Q

how does head lice compare to dandruff?

A

head lice stick to hair shaft, while dandruff can easily be shaken from the head

76
Q

what causes folliculitis?

A
  • staph aureus
  • MRSA
77
Q

how can a nurse treat folliculitis?

A
  • ABX
  • DO NOT squeeze lesions
78
Q

how can a nurse treat oral candidiasis?

A
  • administer oral fungicide
  • use Nystatin as an oral swab between feedings
79
Q

oral candidiasis cannot be removed with a tongue blade

80
Q

how can oral candidiasis be prevented?

A
  • wash breasts between feedings
  • wash bottles
81
Q

how long does treatment for oral candidiasis take?

82
Q

what are the types of dermatitis?

A
  • contact
  • diaper
  • atopic
  • seborrheic
83
Q

treatments for dermatitis

A
  • steroids (reduce skin inflammation)
  • antifungals
  • aloe vera (relieve irritation)
  • skin barrier w/ zinc oxide
84
Q

what are the types of dermatophytoses?

(aka ringworms)

A
  • tinea capitis
  • tinea corporis
85
Q

treatments for dermatophytoses

A
  • oral griseofluvin
  • topical miconazole
86
Q

tinea capitis

87
Q

tinea corporis

88
Q

what is the treatment for Lyme disease?

A

Penicillin

89
Q

how many stages are there to Lyme disease?

90
Q

how does stage 1 of Lyme disease manifest?

(9)

A
  • fever
  • HA
  • stiff neck
  • malaise
  • fatigue
  • anorexia
  • conjunctivitis
  • cough
  • lymphadenophathy
91
Q

how does stage 2 of Lyme disease manifest?

A

neurological, cardiac, and musculoskeletal ailments

92
Q

how does stage 3 of Lyme disease manifest?

A
  • muscle pain
  • arthritis
93
Q

what is the hallmark manifestation for Lyme disease?

A

bull’s eye lesion

94
Q

what is the medication for Lyme disease in 8 year olds and older?

A

doxycycline

95
Q

what is the medication for Lyme disease in 8 year olds and younger?

A

penicillin

96
Q

how long does it take for the bull’s eye lesion to show up in Lyme disease?

A

3-10 weeks

97
Q

how does RMSF manifest?

A
  • 2 -3 days of fever
  • malaise
  • deep muscle pain
  • HA
  • chills
  • conjunctival infection
  • rash on palms & feet
  • petechia
98
Q

what are the complications of RMSF?

A
  • DIC
  • pneumonitis
  • cardiac & renal shock
99
Q

how can you treat RMSF?

A
  • tetracycline
  • vancomycin

IV route

100
Q

how do children develop their self-concept?

A

expand their explorations away from them

101
Q

moral development is closely associated with cognitive development

102
Q

until when should toddlers be in rear-facing back seats?

A

when they are 20 pounds

103
Q

until when do children need to be in car seats?

A

when they are 4 years old or 40 pounds

104
Q

how can a parent manage temper tantrums?

A
  • ignore the behavior, not the child
  • remain close
  • no eye contact
  • do not give in
105
Q

at what age can a toddler start toilet training?

A

18 - 24 months

106
Q

how should a parent discipline their child?

A
  • consistent
  • well-defined boundaries
107
Q

how long do toddlers sleep?

108
Q

how often do toddlers nap?

A

once a day

109
Q

how long does it take for a toddler to accept new food?

A

8 - 15 attempts

110
Q

weight has quadrupled among toddlers from their birth weight

111
Q

a lot of toddlers often have physiologic anorexia–which is normal due to their increase of activity

112
Q

how much milk can toddlers drink?

A

2 - 3 cups a day (16 - 24oz)

113
Q

when can toddlers switch to low-fat milk?

A

2 years old

114
Q

what are the gross motor skills that toddlers learn?

A
  • running
  • stepping onto stairs (two feet on each landing)
  • jumping with both feet
115
Q

what are fine motor skills that toddlers learn?

A
  • building tower blocks
  • turns pages of a book
  • turns door knobs
  • unscrewing lids
  • drawing crosses & circles
  • hand-finger coordination
116
Q

which level of visual acuity is acceptable among toddlers?

117
Q

how do toddlers express their sensory abilities?

A

they display intense & prolonged interest in pictures

118
Q

at what age do toddlers develop gender identity?

A

3 years old

119
Q

toddlers start to employ parallel play

120
Q

toddlers in their stage have fully established object permanence

121
Q

at which cognitive stage of Piaget are toddlers at?

A

sensorimotor transitioning to preoperational

122
Q

how do toddlers operate in the preoperational stage?

A

they exhibit domestic mimicry as a demonstration of certain memories derived from making symbols of objects & people

123
Q

in which stage of Erikson are toddlers in?

A

autonomy v. shame & doubt

Stage 2

124
Q

how much fruit juice can toddlers have per day?

125
Q

when do night terrors occur among toddlers?

A

in the first few hours of their sleep

126
Q

toddlers at their stage begin to develop concepts of punishment & obedience

127
Q

how long does it take for children to feel hot temperatures?

A

20 seconds

128
Q

what does a child do when they have night terrors?

A

they bolt up from sleep

129
Q

at what age do nightmares typically happen in children?

A

5 years old

130
Q

when can children start learning how to brush their teeth?

A

2 years old

PEDS (11 decks)

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