Lecture 3: Sexuality and Heteronormatitivity

Question 1

What is the idea with news of coming out?

Answer 1

Eventually the “news” will not have to be “news” and everyone can just be.

Question 2

What does Jonathan Zimmerman say is the double standard of sports sexuality?

Answer 2

Male athletes can’t be gay, but female athletes are assumed to be

Question 3

In the year 1967, what bill did Pierre Trudeau introduce and then later pass? What did this do for homosexuality?

Answer 3

He introduced a bill to decriminalize homosexual acts performed in private. This allowed homosexuals to feel safe.

Question 4

What is the most important human rights legislation at the federal level in Canada?

Answer 4

The Canadian human rights act

Question 5

What does the Canadian human rights act state?

Answer 5

You cannot discriminate someone regardless of race, nationality, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, marital status, family status, disability and pardoned conviction,

Question 6

What can sexuality be influenced by?

Answer 6

Interaction of biological, psychological, social, economic, political, cultural, legal, historical, religious and spiritual factors.

Question 7

What is gender identity?

Answer 7

How you think of yourself. How you see yourself

Question 8

What is gender expression?

Answer 8

How you demonstrate your gender based on traditional gender roles through the ways you act, dress, behave, and interact.

Question 9

What is sexual orientation?

Answer 9

Who you are physically, spiritually and emotionally attracted to based on their sex / gender in relation to you.

Question 10

What’s heterosexist?

Answer 10

Favouring heterosexuals over other sexualities (the norm) ex. in sports, you must be a masculine man.

Question 11

What does Simone de Beauvoir mean when by “one is not born, but rather becomes a woman.”

Answer 11

We are born with a sex but we become a girl, a boy, or non-binary via our experiences (socialization and feelings)

Question 12

What should we do if we want to call sport inclusive?

Answer 12

Accept every body.

Question 13

How is the institution of sport heterosexist?

Answer 13

By producing and rewarding hegemonic masculinity, sport reinforces homophobic behaviours.

Question 14

Popular opinion, coupled with the media, reproduces the idea that athleticism equals masculinity, which equals to?

Answer 14

Heterosexuality

Question 15

What is the term for assuming individuals are masculine and desire woman if they are men and vice versa?

Answer 15

Heteronormative

Question 16

Why is there an illusion that heterosexuality is natural?

Answer 16

Minority sexualities are repressed.

Question 17

True or false: intolerance of behaviour that is perceived to be outside the boundaries of traditional gender role expectations can be homophobia?

Answer 17

True.

Question 18

Contemporary masculine scripts consist of what 4 key dimensions?

Answer 18

1. Rejection of femininity
2. Ambition and the pursuit of success and wealth
3. Heterosexual potency
4. Toughness, confidence and competence

Question 19

What gives young men the opportunity to perform physical toughness and Christian humility to provide a good and moral society as Charles Gordon advocated?

Answer 19

Sports

Question 20

Why did the Protestant church create the Young Men’s Christian Association?

Answer 20

To depict Christianity as tough, virile and masculine.

Question 21

What are the characteristics of hegemonic muscular Christian masculinity?

Answer 21

Strength, aggression and self-discipline (heterosexuality)

Question 22

Why do homosexual athletes threaten hegemonic masculinity?

Answer 22

“They threaten the perceived distinctions between gay and straight men and thus the perceived differences between men and women as a whole.

Question 23

What is necessary to maintain athleticism as a masculine attribute?

Answer 23

Exclude homosexuals, effeminate men and women by stigmatizing them as weak, soft, feminine and unathletic.

Question 24

Why are homophobic slurs normalized in the men’s locker room?

Answer 24

For male athletes to prove his heterosexuality and masculinity..

Question 25

What message does sexual hazing send out?

Answer 25

Message that homosexuality is wrong, disgusting, humiliating and something to fear.

Question 26

When do most athletes come out?

Answer 26

After they retire from playing

Question 27

What does the “Gay Games” by Tom Waddel promote and attempt?

Answer 27

Promote participation and attempt to redefine the notion of winning in contrast to the hegemonic masculine definition. Players focus on personal achievement.

Question 28

What do gay sporting leagues challenge?

Answer 28

Existing representations of both gay athletes and hegemonic masculinity

Question 29

What is problematic about gay sporting leagues?

Answer 29

1. Gay sports tend to exist as a way to mainstream gay athletes
2. Gay sports reinforce gender and sexuality binaries. Inclusivity devalues the players that had to ‘earn’ where they are today.
3. The existence of a gay sporting league marks them as “different” which further prevents acceptance. They place gay athletes in a marginalized space.

Also, if they are beating their straight competitors, the competitors masculinity will feel threatened

Question 30

How does Kelsey Lucyk say can we value every athlete?

Answer 30

If un exercise sport to reflect values of inclusivity and participation rather than dominance and aggression,