Lecture 3 Review Flashcards
Tissue integrity definition
Tissue integrity is defined as the state of structurally intact and physiologically functioning epithelial tissues, such as the integument (including the skin and subcutaneous tissue) and mucous membreane. The term impaired tissue integrity reflects varying levels of damage to one or more of those groups of cells
Cellular regulation definition
Refers to all functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis, including its responses to extracellular signals (e.g. hormones, cytokines, and neurotransmitters) and the way it produces an intracellular response. Included within these functions is cellular regulation and growth.
Atrophy definition
A decrease in the size of cells or the number of cells in a body tissue
Hypertrophy definition
Increase in the size off cells, giving increased mass of tissue without having to create new cells through division.
Hyperplasia definition
Increased number of cells from increased cellular division
Metaplasia definition
Cells change into a different type of cell in response to injury
What are adaptive cellular responses to sublethal injury?
These adaptive responses serve to protect our cells and keep us in a homeostatic state.
- atrophy
- hypertrophy
- hyperplasia
- metaplasia
Dysplasia definition
Abnormal change in dividing cells that causes alterations in their size, shape, and appearance. Possibly reversible if the stimulus is removed, and cells will return to their normal shape. If continued, considered a precursor for malignancy. This is the presence of pre-cancerous cells
Anaplasia definition
Cells change from highly specific and differentiated cells (easy to see what kind of cell they are) and take on a more immature, undifferentiated fetal appearance (difficult to tell what kind of cell they are). Anapaestic cells is one characteristic of malignant cancerous tumours
Cellular ischemia definition
The cell does not have adequate oxygenation, which leads to altered metabolism and cellular death
Physical damage definition
Excessive heat (e.g. a burn) or cold (e.g. severe frostbite) can cause damage severe enough that cells die. Fatal damage to cells can occur through physical injury as as laceration to the skin. This can also occur with medical treatments including radiation therapy
Microbial injury definition
Viruses or bacteria destroy cells
Immunological injury definition
The body’s own immune system acts against its cells causing cellular death.
Normal substances definition
The body’s own regular substances may cause cell death if not in the correct environments. Example if stomach acid and digestive enzymes get into the peritoneal cavity they can injure and kill cells there.
Tumor growth can either be…
either benign or cancerous
When a cell dies, there are generally two ways that it might happen….
Apoptosis or necrosis
What is apoptosis?
It is a highly regulated, orderly and programmed process of cell death. Following cell death, all of the cell remnants are recycled or removed by phagocytes in a controlled manner. No symptoms or inflammation, because this is a normal process
What is necrosis?
A cellular death that is unexpected, and a result of severe and irreversible cell injury. Leads to uncontrolled cell death by causing cells to swell and rupture, and cellular contents spill out into the surrounding tissue.
In ________ cells ________, whereas in ______ cells _____
In apoptosis cells shrink, whereas in necrosis cells swell
_____ death requires ATP
Apoptosis
_______ death is passive
Necrosis
The different types of necrosis
- coagulative
- liquefactive
- caseous
- gangrene (dry or wet)
Cancer cell characteristics
- persistent proliferation
- invasive growth
- metastases
- immortality
Persistent proliferation definition
Cancerous cells exhibit unrestrained growth and cell division. In cancer cells the growth becomes constantly “turned on” and cells divide without limits, more frequently than normal cells do
Invasive growth definition
Cancer cells do not stop dividing when they touch other cells or other types of cells. They will grow and penetrate adjacent organs and tissues
Metastases definition
Cancer cells have the ability to detach or break away from the primary site of tumour growth. This allows them to migrate through the body and begin growing in other sites. This results in cancer spreading to other sites
Immortality definition (cancer cells)
Cancer cells do not follow genetic pre-programmed genetic cell death instructions, and do not undergo apoptosis. If a cell does not die when it is supposed to, it becomes immortal, and will keep dividing indefinitely.
Two types of genes that are mutated that cause cancerous growth
Proto-oncogenes and tumour supressor gene
Proto-oncogenes definition
Genes that normally cause cells to grow and divide when needed. A mutation in a proto-oncogene will cause the cell to act as a oncogene, and begin to divide without limits
Tumour suppressor gene definition
Normally acts to suppress excessive cell growth and division, so in a healthy person they would stop the growth of tumours. If a mutation in a tumour suppressor gene, it will stop functioning and allow unregulated cell division to occur
Ways cancerous tumour can be classified
- type
- grading
- staging
Treatment for solid cancers
Surgery
Treatment for disseminated cancers like leukemias or metastases
Drug therapy
Treatment for cells in the M or G2 phase of the cell cycle
Radiation therapy
Seven warning signs of cancer
- Change in bowel or bladder habit
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge from any body orifice
- Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere
- Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
- Obvious change in a wart or mole
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
How do you assess moles?
Asymmetry Border irregularity Colour variation Diameter > 6mm Evolution
Coagulative definition
Caused by ischemia, free radical, still looks like a cell for a while
Liquefactive definition
Caused by the body releasing enzymes to kill bacteria, causes damage (liquefy) of neighbouring cells (e.g. abscess)
Caseous definition
A distinct form of coagulative necrosis, where tissue no longer recognizable, cheese like appearance. Caused by mycobacterial infections (e.g. tuberculosis) or tumour necrosis
Gangrane definition
Build up of decomposing dead tissue, usually refers to appendage/ limb with ischemic necrosis
Dry gangrene definition
Chronic/ slow, caused by degenerative diseases (atherosclerosis, diabetes), may auto-amputate
Wet gangrene definition
Acute/ quick, caused by sudden elimination of blood flow (severe burn or traumatic crush injury) possible bacteria
Adaptive processes definition
Response serves to maintain or protect body functioning
Maladaptive processes definition
Response that is more harmful than helpful or may begin to damage the body (cancer)
Carcinogenesis definition
The process by which normal cells become transformed into malignant cells. This initially involves changes in the DNA (i.e. mutation). Most cancers require multiple changes in DNA, caused by several factors
Neoplasm or tumour definition
An abnormal mass of cells which grow and divide outside of normal controls
Where do carcinomas originate from?
Embryonal ectoderm (skin, glands, epithelium)). Endoderm (mucous membrane of respiratory tract, GI and GU tracts)
Where do sarcomas originate from?
Embryonal mesoderm (connective tissue, muscle, bone, and fat)
Where do lymphomas and leukemias originate from?
Hematopoietic system (bone marrow, immune system)
What is the most common type of cancer?
Basal cell carcinomas (BSS) 75-80%
What is the most deadly, rapid progress, less common cancer?
Malignant melanomas
What cancer will 1 in 20 Canadians develop in their lifetime?
Squamous cell carcinoma
The four major classes of anti-cancer drugs
- cytotoxic agents (chemotherapy)
- hormones & hormone antagonists
- biological response modifiers
- targeted drugs
Neutropenia definition
(“weakened immune system”) increases incidence and severity of infection. Typically begins a few days after dosing, and the nadir occurs 10-14 days, with neutrophils recovering about a week later
Nadir definition
The lowest neutrophil count (peak of the bone marrow suppression caused by cancer treatment)
Anemia definition
Reduced red blood cells. Less common than neutropenia or thrombocytopenia as RBCs lived for 120 days allowing erythrocytes to recover before they drop too low
Stomatitis definition
Inflammation of the oral mucosa, typically develops a few days after chemotherapy has begun and may persist for weeks. Can cause severe pain
Diarrhea definition
Inflammation of intestines, rectum, and anus impairs absorption of fluid and other nutrients
Alopecia definition
Reversible hair loss resulting from injury to hair
Reproductive toxicity definition
To a developing fetus, ovaries, testes and cause atrophy of the vaginal epithelium. Fetus is most impacted (risk of abortion of fetal malformation) during the first trimester. Cause cause irreversible sterility in males
