Lecture 1 Review Flashcards
Etiology definition
The study of the causes or reasons for a disease
Idiopathic definition
When the cause of a disease is unknown
Iatrogenic definition
The cause of disease is a result of an unintended or unwanted medical treatment
Risk factor definition
A link between an etiological factor and the development of disease is increased due to the presence of another factor
Pathogenesis definition
The development or evolution of a disease from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the manifestations of the disease
Clinical manifestations definition
Manifestations of the disease that are observed (objective data and subjective feelings.) The clinical manifestations of a disease may changer over time resulting in the clinical presentation of different stages
Treatment implications definition
Are guided by the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical consequences of a particular disorder may suggest that certain treatments could be helpful
Epidemiology definition
The study of patterns of disease in human populations
Primary level of care
- preventative
- doctor’s office
- primary care providers
Secondary level of care
- treating illnesses early
- with specialists and referrals
Tertiary level of care
- complications have occured
- into the hospital needing hospital care
- collaboration of healthcare workers
Quaternary level of care
- treating uncommon illnesses
- experiential care (like clinical trials)
How does COVID develop in a person? This is a ____ question
Pathogenesis
What causes COVID? This is a _______ question
Etiology
A COVID positive patient is experiencing a loss of taste and smell which are examples of _______
Clinical manifestations
Tracking the cases of COVID and how it spreads is an example of
Epidemiology
Being obese is a probable ____ for developing severe COVID symptoms
Risk factor
Clinical judgment definition
The observed outcome of critical thinking and decision-making. It uses nursing knowledge to observe and assess presenting situations, prioritize patient concerns, and used evidence-informed solutions to deliver safe patient care
Four stages of competence
Clinical judgment requires reflective practice. The four stages are unconsious incompetence, conscious incompetence, conscious competence, and unconscious competence
Unconscious incompetence
Not aware of a skill you lack
Conscious incompetence
Aware that you lack a skill. Begin to value the skill. Begin to learn
Conscious competence
Know how to do skill. Broken down into steps. Requires concentration*
Unconscious competence
Becomes “second nature”. Performed easily. Perform along with other tasks. Fluid action
What is “nursing process: assessment”?
Deliberate and systematic collection of data to determine a patient’s current and past health and function status and to determine the patient’s present and past coping patterns
What are the kinds of data in assessment?
- 2 steps: data collection/ verification AND analysis of data
- subjective vs objective data
- primary vs secondary vs tertiary sources of data
The order of assessment techniques:
Client health history (verbal) →
Review of systems (verbal) →
Head to Toe assessment (physical assessment and observations)
Goal in collecting client health history
Goal is to determine patient concerns and help find solutions. Interview allows for formation of partnership with patient.
What does SAMPLE stand for?
Symptoms Allergies Medications Past medical history Last intake (food, drink; what and when?) Events before this
What is the review of all systems?
Collecting data on all body systems. What you find on the ROS will be followed up in the physical assessment
What does OPQRSTU stand for?
Onset “timing of when this first occured”
Precipitation or Palliation “anything brought this on?”
Quality “describe the pain”
Region or Radiation “where is this located?”
Severity “rate the pain”
Time (history of event)
Understanding “what do you think caused this?”
What occurs in the physical assessment?
- Starts with a general survey (vital signs, height, and weight)
- differerent approaches of assessment depending on situation (h2t or detailed systems assessment)
What is assessed in the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, scalp, nails, capillary refill
The skills of physical assessment
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
What is inspection?
- Concentration watching, close/ careful scrutiny of patient
- General survey
- physical appearance
- body structure
- behaviour
- mobility
What is palpation?
Touch - can confirm what you saw during inspection
- slow and systematic
- intermittent pressure
What are you feeling for in palpation?
- texture, temperature, moisture (diaphoresis)
- swelling, thickness, lumps, or masses
- presence of tenderness or pain
- vibration or pulsation
- rigidity or spasticity
- crepitation
- organ location and size
What is percussion?
Tapping the skin with short, sharp strokes to assess underlying structures
What is auscultation?
Hearing sounds prodcued by heart, blood vessels, lungs, and abdomen channeled through a stethoscope
What is data verification?
Data verification is the nurse confirming and correlating their assessment findings
Nursing process: analysis
- look for patterns or clusters in the assessment data
- form diagnostic conclusions that determine patient care
- review normal vs abnormal findings
- nursing diagnosis vs collaborative problem
Nursing process: planning
Nurse sets patient-centered goals, outlines expected outcomes, plans nursing interventions, and prioritizes and selects interventions that will resolve patient’s problems and achieve goals and outcomes
Nursing process: implementation
Implentation phase initiatives or completes planned actions or nursing interventions
- direct vs indirect nursing care
- independent vs dependent nursing interventions
- medical orders
- reassess patient
- reviewing the existing nursing care plan
Nursing process: evaluation
The evaluation process, which determines the effectiveness of nursing care, consists of five elements:
- Identifying evaluative criteria and standards
- Collecting data to determine whether the criteria or standards are met
- Interpreting and summarizing findings
- Documenting findings and any clinical judgment
- Terminating, continuing, or revising the care plan
Layer 2 of the clinical judgment model
- recognize cues
- analyze cues
- prioritize hypotheses
- generate solutions
- take action
- evaluate outcomes
____ are techniques a nurse uses to gather data about the patient’s current condition
IPPA
The nurse uses their ______ to provide safe care
Clinical judgment
____ provides the health care team with an overview of clinical manifestations the patient is experiencing
ROS
_____ is when the nurse performs additional assessments
Data verification
____ is a technique/ tool used to assess a specific clinical manifestation (e.g., pain)
OPQRSTU
Diagnostic error definition
The result of a delay in diagnosis, failure to employ indicated tests, use of outdated tests, or failure to act on results of monitoring or testing
Treatment errors definition
Occur in the performance of an operation, procedure, or test; in administering a treatment; in the dose or method of administering a drug; or in avoidable delay in treatment or in responding to an abnormal test
Preventive errors definition
Occur when there are failures to provide prophylactic treatment and inadequate monitoring or follow-up of treatment
Communication errors definition
Lack of communication or a lack of clarity in communication
Error of commission definition
Did not provide care correctly
Error of omission definition
Did not provide care
Levels of errors
Adverse event - error to patient
Near miss - catching the error before it occurs
Sentinel event - error to patient leading to injury or death
Blunt end of errors
Latent errors
Organizational/ system
Sharp end of errors
Active errors
Direct patient care
