Lecture 3 - Research methods Flashcards
What are Interventions?
Interventions can be identified by the point along the health-illness continuum at which they occur
What are the THREE types of prevention?
1) Primary prevention
2) Secondary Prevention
3) Tertiary Prevention
What is Primary prevention?
Focuses on preventing illness or disease/Preserve health with preventative measures
What is Secondary prevention?
Aims to detect a disease in it’s earliest stages before symptoms appear.
What is Tertiary prevention?
Aims to manage ongoing issues.
What kind of data is collected during a research method?
Quantitative data, Qualitative data or a mix of both.
What is a Research Method?
Specify the mode of data collection (whether qualitative or quantitative data is required, or a mix of the two)
What is Research Design?
Refers to the logical structure of the inquiry (affects the extent to which causal claims can be made about the impact of the intervention)
What is Quantitative research method?
For testing objects by examining the relationship among variables (numbers)
What is Qualitative research method?
For exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.
(visual)
What is Mixed research method?
Approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms.
What is Prevalence?
Proportion of persons in a population who have a particular disease or attribute at a specified point in time (or over a specified period of time)
What is Incidence?
Refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time.
What are Confounding Factors?
Confounding occurs when a confounding variable, C, is associated with the exposure, E, and also influences the disease outcome, D.
What are the TWO types of Study Design?
Observational and Experimental.
What is an Observational study design?
Research OBSERVES and systematically collects information. No interventions.
What is an Experimental study design?
Research adds intervention to find new outcomes.
What are the FOUR types of Observational study research?
1) Case Reports
2) Cross Sectional
3) Case Control
4) Cohort Studies
What is a Case Report?
Observational Study - Findings require formal verification via robust epidemiological studies.
May indicate emergence of new issues & key ideas.
Cause + Effect
What is Cross Sectional research?
Observational-Snapshot
Analyzes data taken from a specific point in time. Helps determine if there is a link between exposures and disease.
What is a Case Control research?
Observational- Research begins with the outcome (i.e. obesity) and looks back in time looking for related exposures.
What is a Cohort study research?
Observational -Begin with a representative sample of people who do not have the disease at entry, and take baseline measurements. Look to see whether people develop the disease were more exposed to particular factors than those who don’t
What are the TWO Experimental studies?
1) Quasi Experimental
2) Randomized Control Trials (RCT)`
What is a Quasi Experimental study?
Experimental- Sometimes also called nonrandomised or pre-post intervention studies and are used to evaluate the effects of specific interventions or policy changes.
What is a Randomized Control Trials study?
Experimental- Gold Standard
a study group is exposed to an intervention (e.g. a novel treatment) and its effects on one or more outcomes of interest are studied by comparing the exposed group to a control group not exposed to the intervention (e.g. placebo) or exposed to a standard intervention (e.g. already established therapy or standard of care).
What is Single Blinding and Double Blinding?
Single blinding is when the subject is unaware if they have the intervention or not. Double blinding is when the subject and investigator are unaware if the subject has the intervention or not.
What is a Systematic Review?
Collects all available evidence about a subject of interest and critically appraise it
What is a Meta-Analysis?
Collects all available evidence and combines the results of similar papers to give an approximate pooled measure of association.
