Lecture 3 - Research methods

Question 1

What are Interventions?

Answer 1

Interventions can be identified by the point along the health-illness continuum at which they occur

Question 2

What are the THREE types of prevention?

Answer 2

1) Primary prevention
2) Secondary Prevention
3) Tertiary Prevention

Question 3

What is Primary prevention?

Answer 3

Focuses on preventing illness or disease/Preserve health with preventative measures

Question 4

What is Secondary prevention?

Answer 4

Aims to detect a disease in it’s earliest stages before symptoms appear.

Question 5

What is Tertiary prevention?

Answer 5

Aims to manage ongoing issues.

Question 6

What kind of data is collected during a research method?

Answer 6

Quantitative data, Qualitative data or a mix of both.

Question 7

What is a Research Method?

Answer 7

Specify the mode of data collection (whether qualitative or quantitative data is required, or a mix of the two)

Question 8

What is Research Design?

Answer 8

Refers to the logical structure of the inquiry (affects the extent to which causal claims can be made about the impact of the intervention)

Question 9

What is Quantitative research method?

Answer 9

For testing objects by examining the relationship among variables (numbers)

Question 10

What is Qualitative research method?

Answer 10

For exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.
(visual)

Question 11

What is Mixed research method?

Answer 11

Approach to inquiry that combines or associates both qualitative and quantitative forms.

Question 12

What is Prevalence?

Answer 12

Proportion of persons in a population who have a particular disease or attribute at a specified point in time (or over a specified period of time)

Question 13

What is Incidence?

Answer 13

Refers to the occurrence of new cases of disease or injury in a population over a specified period of time.

Question 14

What are Confounding Factors?

Answer 14

Confounding occurs when a confounding variable, C, is associated with the exposure, E, and also influences the disease outcome, D.

Question 15

What are the TWO types of Study Design?

Answer 15

Observational and Experimental.

Question 16

What is an Observational study design?

Answer 16

Research OBSERVES and systematically collects information. No interventions.

Question 17

What is an Experimental study design?

Answer 17

Research adds intervention to find new outcomes.

Question 18

What are the FOUR types of Observational study research?

Answer 18

1) Case Reports
2) Cross Sectional
3) Case Control
4) Cohort Studies

Question 19

What is a Case Report?

Answer 19

Observational Study - Findings require formal verification via robust epidemiological studies.
May indicate emergence of new issues & key ideas.
Cause + Effect

Question 20

What is Cross Sectional research?

Answer 20

Observational-Snapshot

Analyzes data taken from a specific point in time. Helps determine if there is a link between exposures and disease.

Question 21

What is a Case Control research?

Answer 21

Observational- Research begins with the outcome (i.e. obesity) and looks back in time looking for related exposures.

Question 22

What is a Cohort study research?

Answer 22

Observational -Begin with a representative sample of people who do not have the disease at entry, and take baseline measurements. Look to see whether people develop the disease were more exposed to particular factors than those who don’t

Question 23

What are the TWO Experimental studies?

Answer 23

1) Quasi Experimental

2) Randomized Control Trials (RCT)`

Question 24

What is a Quasi Experimental study?

Answer 24

Experimental- Sometimes also called nonrandomised or pre-post intervention studies and are used to evaluate the effects of specific interventions or policy changes.

Question 25

What is a Randomized Control Trials study?

Answer 25

Experimental- Gold Standard
a study group is exposed to an intervention (e.g. a novel treatment) and its effects on one or more outcomes of interest are studied by comparing the exposed group to a control group not exposed to the intervention (e.g. placebo) or exposed to a standard intervention (e.g. already established therapy or standard of care).

Question 26

What is Single Blinding and Double Blinding?

Answer 26

Single blinding is when the subject is unaware if they have the intervention or not. Double blinding is when the subject and investigator are unaware if the subject has the intervention or not.

Question 27

What is a Systematic Review?

Answer 27

Collects all available evidence about a subject of interest and critically appraise it

Question 28

What is a Meta-Analysis?

Answer 28

Collects all available evidence and combines the results of similar papers to give an approximate pooled measure of association.