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Individual Differences > Lecture 3 Psychodynamic Approaches > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Psychodynamic Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of consciousness

A

Conscious thought, preconscious mind, unconscious mind, repression, no clear division, but different degrees
- dreams, stressful times, in symptoms of illness or psychological disturbance, alcohol or drugs

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2
Q

The unconscious and dreams

A
  • Preserve sleep by representing wishes as being fulfilled
  • Manifest content of dreams
  • Latent content of dreams
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3
Q

Primary and Secondary processes

A

Primary - irrational thinking/dreams, the Pleasure Principle
Secondary - rational thought, the Reality Principle

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4
Q

Freud and the nature of human beings

A

Structure and development of personality underlies human nature and motivation

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5
Q

Libido?

A
  • Child born with fixed amount of mental energy
  • Adult sex drives
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6
Q

Motivation?

A
  • To satisfy basic instinctual drives
  • Sexual drives
  • Life-preserving drives
  • Thanatos (self-destructive, death instinct)
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7
Q

Structure of human personality according to Freud?

A

Super ego, Ego, and Id

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8
Q

Id?

A
  • Raw, uninhibited instinctual energy
  • Source of impulses and mental energy
  • Also drives for basic survival needs, and sex, aggression and self-destruction
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9
Q

Ego?

A
  • Planning, thinking and organizing
  • Mediator between child and world
  • Reality principle and secondary processes -> social factors
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10
Q

Superego?

A
  • Conscience (internalized parental attitudes etc.)
  • Acts in opposition to the Id
  • Also regulation of the ego…
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11
Q

Theory of Psychosexual development

A

Oral stage (birth to 1) -> Anal stage (18months - 3yrs) -> Phallic stage (3-5) -> Latency stage (5-12) -> Genital stage (12-18)

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12
Q

What can go wrong in Psychosexual development?

A

Fixation can occur at any stage, internal resistance to transferring libidinal energy to new objects

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13
Q

What can go wrong with Personality components?

A

Conflicting demands of Id, Ego and Superego, Intrapersonal anxiety, can occur at any stage, Latency phase -> defence mechanisms

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14
Q

Defence Mechanisms?

A

Regression, Repression, Denial, Displacement, Phobic avoidance, undoing, sublimation… difficult to test

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15
Q

Who are the three Neo-Freudian theorists?

A

Adler, Jung & Horney

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16
Q

Adler’s Individual Psychology overview

A

Inferiority feelings:
- Experienced from birth - helpless infant
- Strive for mastery to fulfil potential
Birth order:
- Unique treatment of each child
- Individual experience of the family
‘Style of life’ developed from family experience
When inferiority is not compensated for - Neurotic personality develops

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17
Q

What is Teleology? (Adler)

A
  • Contrast with deterministic approach
  • Overarching goal of superiority/mastery
  • Driving achievement and maximizing potential
  • Goal is fictitious -> never achievable
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18
Q

Basic concerns in development of personality types (Adler)

A

Three generalized concerns; work, friendship, love

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19
Q

Role of parents? (Adler)

A
  • Provide accurate conceptualizations
  • Introduction to “social life”
  • Interactional relationships
  • “Equality” - both parents have crucial roles
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20
Q

Effects of birth order: Eldest child

A

Child: ‘dethroned monarch’, understands status
Adult: conservative, respect authority, maintains status quo, intellectual attainment

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21
Q

Second child

A

Child: competitive, reacts to behaviour of older sibling
Adult: demanding of themselves, unrealistic goals

22
Q

Youngest child

A

Child: babied by family, attention and pampering
Adult: high dependency, desire to excel, need for praise

23
Q

Only child

A

Child: without ‘rivals’, likely to be pampered (by mother)
Adult: need for approval, difficulty with criticism/dislike, intellectually able and high achieving

24
Q

Alderian Personality Types: Ruling Type

A
  • Lacks social interest
  • Intense striving for power
  • Emotionally manipulative
  • Possibly result of addiction, delinquency or domineering adulthood
25
Q

Avoiding Type (Adler)

A
  • Lacks confidence
  • Head in sand approach
  • Deny problems exist
  • Deny accountability
  • Blame others
26
Q

Getting Type (Adler)

A
  • Passive
  • Little problem-solving
  • Use personal charm
  • Parasitic state
  • Unhealthy
27
Q

Socially Useful Type (Adler)

A
  • Faces life confidently
  • Positive social interest
  • Prepared to co-operate
  • Contribution to welfare of others; healthy approach
28
Q

Jung and the human psyche

A

-Life-process energy:
*motivating force for behaviour
*broader than Freud’s focus
-3 Guiding principles:
*of opposites
*of equivalence
*of entropy/balance

29
Q

Jung and the development of personality

A

-Throughout lifespan (teleology)
-Via self-realisation

30
Q

Structure of the human psyche according to Jung

A

Ego (self)
Conscious
Personal unconscious (similar to Freud’s unconscious)
Collective unconscious
Archetypes

31
Q

What is the ego according to Jung?

A

Unifying force - responsible for feelings of identity and continuity as human beings

32
Q

Collective unconscious and archetypes according to Jung?

A

Origins in human evolutionary development - innate
Repository of inherited instincts, universal symbols/themes beyond personal experience (e.g. fear of the unknown, dark death, etc.)

33
Q

Jung’s development of personality types - Attitudes/Interactional style with the world

A

*Analysis of Freud vs Adler dispute (+clinical evidence)
*Extraversion-external focus
*Introversion-internal focus
*Conscious and unconscious components

34
Q

Jung’s personality types - Relational style

A

*Sensing - Experience without evaluation
*Thinking - Interpretation with reason and logic
*Feeling - Evaluation of desirability/worth
*Intuitive - Minimum of reason, use hunches or premonitions
*Judging and perceiving added by later work (Thorne & Gough, 1991)

35
Q

Jungian personality types - Extraverted Sensing

A

-“Reality” oriented
-Prefer to act not think
-Likes the “good life”
-More typical of men?

36
Q

Introverted Sensing

A

-Very sensitive; easily overstimulated
-May overreact to comments
-Generally calm and passive
-May be artistic

37
Q

Extraverted Thinking

A

-Tries to be objective & guided by facts
-Represses emotions
-Adheres to rules
-May ignore spiritual & aesthetic side of life
-May neglect relationships

38
Q

Introverted Thinking

A

-Very private
-Socially ill at ease
-Intellectually driven
-May repress emotions, expresses with difficulty
-Can appear cold, aloof
-Focus on inner world

39
Q

Extraverted Feeling

A

-Conventional; respects authority & tradition
-Sociable, influenced by other’s expectations
-More typical of women?

40
Q

Introverted Feeling

A

-Can be quiet, thoughtful & difficult to get to know
-Disengaged, mysterious
-May be better with animals than people
-Feels intensely
-Also more female typical?

41
Q

Extraverted Intuitive

A

-Creative, excited by novelty
-Keen to explore opportunity
-Follows hunches, not facts
-Politicians, speculators & wheeler-dealers typical

42
Q

Introverted Intuitive

A

-Uninterested and withdrawn
-May be a dreamer
-Unusual innovative ideas
-Communicate poorly
-Judgement functions may be fairly repressed

43
Q

Horney (1977) on human nature

A

-Positive view of human nature
-Warm, loving, consistent parenting
-Child is respected and supported-healthy personality development
-Potential to become their “real self”-ultimate expression of abilities and talents
-If not experienced - neurotic personality develops

Basic anxiety -> Neurotic needs -> Ideal self
‘Tyranny of Shoulds’

44
Q

Neurotic needs examples

A

-need for personal achievement
-affection and approval
-self-sufficiency and independence
-power
-personal admiration
-a ‘partner’ to take over one’s life
perfection and unassailability
-to exploit others
-social recognition and prestige
-restrict one’s life within narrow boundaries

45
Q

What are Horney’s 4 Personality Types?

A

Compliant, Aggressive, and Detached -> all 3 is a healthy personality - secure in identity

46
Q

Compliant personality type

A

-Desperate need for others
-Desire to fit in
-Self-deprecating
-Submissive
-Cannot tolerate criticism
-Rigid boundaries to feel safe

47
Q

Aggressive personality type

A

-Need for power
-Believe others are hostile & untrustworthy; survival of the fittest
-Appear ‘tough’ and unemotional
-Poor at relationships

48
Q

Detached personality type

A

-Need self-sufficiency
-Perfectionist
-Secretive & solitary
- Keep aloof; lack of others’
understanding

49
Q

Horney’s Defence Mechanisms

A

-Similar to Freud’s concepts/operation
-Additional defences (neurotic personality)
*Blind spots (can’t see contradictions in the world around them)
*Compartmentalisation
*Rationalisation
*Excessive self-control
*Arbitrary rightness (have to be right about everything)
*Elusiveness (never express an opinion that can be pinned down)
*Cynicism (believe in nothing)

50
Q

Why is Horney’s feminine psychology legacy important?

A

-Freud’s dismissal of women’s role
-Focus on concepts of penis envy and masochism
-Source of schism between Freud and Horney

51
Q

What? - her legacy

A

-Observation of male “domination” in the field
-Influence of culture
-Metaphorical penis envy; envy of societal male attributes
-Equality within psychological frameworks

Individual Differences (10 decks)

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