Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL 110 > Lecture 3: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What does “karyote” mean from Greek?

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does prokaryote mean?

A

“before nucleus”
no nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does eukaryote mean?

A

“well (proper) nucleus”
with nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do prokaryotes include?

A

Eubacteria (Greek - “true” bacteria) - live in many habitats
Archaebacteria (Greek - “ancient” bacteria) - called archae; live in habitats similar to bacteria, but can also in extreme environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Thermophiles
Acidophiles
Halophiles
Piezophiles

A

extreme heat
low pH or acidic
high salt (NaCl)
high pressure environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can bacteria do?

A

form into chains or clusters
use various food sources
convert energy of the sun into food through photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which (only) bacteria have extensive internal membranes (for photosynthesis)?

A

a group of photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of flagella in bacteria?

A

helps bacteria move in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of fimbriae/pili in bacteria?

A

=small bristle-like fibers that allow bacteria to attach to surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are sex pili used for?

A

to transfer DNA from one bacteria to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What gives bacteria protection against changes in osmotic pressure?

A

the bacteria cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are bacteria cell walls composed of?

A

peptidoglycolans: long chains of modified sugars N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)

peptido - short peptides, protein chains
glycans - crosslinked with sugars

they held together by peptide bonds between a small number if amino acids, forming a netlike structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the envelop of gram-negative bacteria

A

2 membranes - cell and outer membrane

peptidogltycan layer - only 1-2 layers thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the envelop of gram-positive bacteria

A

only one membrane

peptidoglycan layer can be 40 layers thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Gram stain?

A

cells are stained with “crystal violet” dye and then washed

gram stain causes gram-positive -> purple; gram-negitive -> pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is used as a counterstain?

A

safranine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

some bacteria contain Glycocalyx
What is it?

A

Glycoprotein-polisaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membrane

it can form a tight capsule/loosely attached slime

it’s common in soil bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

no cell wall, no glycocalix in?

A

mycoplasma (eubacteria)
thermoplasma (archae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bacterial DNA is usually a single circular dsDNA. Where is it located?

A

in an irregularly shaped nucleoid, which is not surrounded by membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

5 steps of prokaryote multiplication by binary fission

A
  1. cell replicates its DNA (in nucleoid)
  2. The cytoplasmic membranes elongates, separates DNAs
  3. Cross wall forms; membrane invaginates
  4. Cross forms completely
  5. Daughter cells are formed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do eukaryotes possess as their genetic material?

A

double-stranded linear DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does a typical eucaryotic cell have?

A

plasma membrane
organellas
cytosol
cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do plant and fungal cells have in addition?

A

a rigid cell wall surrounded by an extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membrane

A

plasma membrane: phospholipids, other lipids, and membrane proteins -> two layers

each phospholipid molecule consists of two hydrophobic “tails” (face inward) and a hydrophilic “head” (face outtward) and is therefore an amphipathic molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are 5 functions of membrane proteins?
1. channel 2. transport 3. receptor 4. enzymatic 5. junction
26
channel proteins
simple protein pores that allow substances to move across the membrane
27
transport proteins
bind to substances to assist their movement across membranes
28
receptor proteins
have a shape that can only bind to specific signal molecules
29
enzymatic proteins
membrane proteins that carry out chemical reactions
30
junction proteins
connect cells to each other and allow them to communicate
31
Some organellas are surrounded by a membrane. What do membrane-bound organellas include?
nucleus mitochondria/chloroplasts golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes/peroxisomes
32
Which organellas have endosymbiotic (A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other) origins?
mitochondria and chloroplast
33
surrounded by 2 membranes (double - membrane organelle) and contains the cell's genomic DNA in the linear form
nucleus 2 membranes (outer, inner) = nuclear envelope
34
in nuclear membrane permits the passage of ribosomal subunits and RNA, proteins out of -> into the nucleus
nuclear pores (=multiprotein complex)
35
What is produced in the nucleus?
RNA, a nucleic acid
36
What is the function of mRNA?
acts as an intermediary to DNA and carries the information for the amino acid sequence of a protein
37
What is the function of rRNA?
combines with the specific proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes
38
What is the function of nucleolus?
site of rRNA synthesis
39
Where can ribosomes be found in eukaryotic cells?
in the cytoplasm (free) attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (membrane-bound)
40
Which organelle is continuous with the membrane of the nucleus?
endoplasmic reticulum
41
2 subpopulations of ER based on appearance and function
rough - has ribosomes - synthesizes proteins - these proteins are packaged in transport vesicles smooth - synthesize lipids (cholesterol, steroid hormones) - plays role in carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification (of harmful things)
42
What is the function of ER?
site of the initial production of materials for use inside and outside of the cell it's single membrane appears as an irregular maze of interconnected spaces
43
Most cells have very little smooth ER. What is the exception?
Hepatocytes
44
What is the function of Golgi Apparatus?
receives molecules from rough ER and chemically modifies and processes them before release from the cell
45
What is Golgi apparatus composed of?
a series of flattened sacs (vesicles - cisternae)
46
What is the function of lysosomes?
digest molecules/structures within the cell
47
What is the function of peroxisome?-
animal peroxisomes: uses oxidative reactions to break down molecules (fatty acids-lipids), detoxify compounds (alcohol, phenols) involved in the biosynthesis of some phospholipids plant: glyoxysomes - converting stored fat into carbohydrates generating and degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
48
What is a byproduct of oxidative reactions of peroxisome? Why they must be neutralized? How neutralized?
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 corrosive and toxic to cells peroxisomes contain an enzyme (catalase) that breaks down H2O2 to H2O and O2
49
The ER, Golgi, secretory vesicles, lysosomes form ____ system What is its function?
Endomembrane system responsible for trafficking substances through the cell
50
What provides energy for the cell?
Mitochondria - contains enzymes and intermediates for degradation of sugars + generation of ATP (aeorobic respiration) Chloroplasts - harvests solar energy - converts to chemical energy in the form of ATP
51
Mitochondrial structure
inner and outer mitochondrial membrane inner: matrix, semifluid material (fills it) matrix: small circular DNA molecules (encode some RNAs and proteins needed in mitochondria) and ribosomes (involved in protein synthesis)
52
Structure of chloroplast
Grana - thylakoids (flattened membranous sacs) - connected by stroma thylakoids photosynthesis happens in/on thylakoid membranes stroma: reduction of CO2 to sugar
53
What is the function of cytoskeleton?
gives a cell distinctive shape and internal organization plays a role in cell movement and division serves as framework for positioning and moving organellas, macromolecules within the cell
54
organelle made of protein tubulin proteins (alpha and betta) arranged to form hollow cylinders
microtubules (assembled by the centrosome in animal cell) can be associated with motor molecules (kinesin and dynein)
55
What is the structure and function of actin filaments?
2 chains of globular actin monomers interwined in a helix support the cell and any projections (microvill) cell movemement (with myosin) -> muscle contraction and cell division
56
What is chromatin
a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes
57
vacuole
In animal and yeast cells: temporary storage or transport Plant cells: central vacuole - maintaining the turgor pressure that keeps plant tissue from wilting
58
The three major structural elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton
microtubules, composed of tubulin subunits, microfilaments, composed of actin subunits, intermediate filaments
59
extracellular matrix (ECM) For many animal cells consist of function
collagen fibrils and proteoglycans cell motility and migration, cell division, cell recognition and adhesion, and cell differentiation during embryonic development
60
cell wall for plant and fungal cells consist of
cellulose microfibrils Primary walls are quite flexible and ex-tensible, which allows them to expand somewhat in response to cell enlargement and elongation. As a cell reaches its final size and shape, a much thicker and more rigid secondary cell wall may form ( defines the final size and shape of the cell)

BIOL 110 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions