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BIOL 110 > Lecture 3: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What does “karyote” mean from Greek?

A

nucleus

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2
Q

What does prokaryote mean?

A

“before nucleus”
no nucleus

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3
Q

What does eukaryote mean?

A

“well (proper) nucleus”
with nucleus

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4
Q

What do prokaryotes include?

A

Eubacteria (Greek - “true” bacteria) - live in many habitats
Archaebacteria (Greek - “ancient” bacteria) - called archae; live in habitats similar to bacteria, but can also in extreme environments

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5
Q

Thermophiles
Acidophiles
Halophiles
Piezophiles

A

extreme heat
low pH or acidic
high salt (NaCl)
high pressure environments

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6
Q

What can bacteria do?

A

form into chains or clusters
use various food sources
convert energy of the sun into food through photosynthesis

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7
Q

Which (only) bacteria have extensive internal membranes (for photosynthesis)?

A

a group of photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria)

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8
Q

What is the function of flagella in bacteria?

A

helps bacteria move in water

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9
Q

What is the function of fimbriae/pili in bacteria?

A

=small bristle-like fibers that allow bacteria to attach to surfaces

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10
Q

What are sex pili used for?

A

to transfer DNA from one bacteria to another

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11
Q

What gives bacteria protection against changes in osmotic pressure?

A

the bacteria cell wall

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12
Q

What are bacteria cell walls composed of?

A

peptidoglycolans: long chains of modified sugars N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)

peptido - short peptides, protein chains
glycans - crosslinked with sugars

they held together by peptide bonds between a small number if amino acids, forming a netlike structure

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13
Q

the envelop of gram-negative bacteria

A

2 membranes - cell and outer membrane

peptidogltycan layer - only 1-2 layers thick

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14
Q

the envelop of gram-positive bacteria

A

only one membrane

peptidoglycan layer can be 40 layers thick

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15
Q

What is Gram stain?

A

cells are stained with “crystal violet” dye and then washed

gram stain causes gram-positive -> purple; gram-negitive -> pink

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16
Q

What is used as a counterstain?

A

safranine

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17
Q

some bacteria contain Glycocalyx
What is it?

A

Glycoprotein-polisaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membrane

it can form a tight capsule/loosely attached slime

it’s common in soil bacteria

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18
Q

no cell wall, no glycocalix in?

A

mycoplasma (eubacteria)
thermoplasma (archae)

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19
Q

Bacterial DNA is usually a single circular dsDNA. Where is it located?

A

in an irregularly shaped nucleoid, which is not surrounded by membrane

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20
Q

5 steps of prokaryote multiplication by binary fission

A
  1. cell replicates its DNA (in nucleoid)
  2. The cytoplasmic membranes elongates, separates DNAs
  3. Cross wall forms; membrane invaginates
  4. Cross forms completely
  5. Daughter cells are formed
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21
Q

What do eukaryotes possess as their genetic material?

A

double-stranded linear DNA

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22
Q

What does a typical eucaryotic cell have?

A

plasma membrane
organellas
cytosol
cytoskeleton

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23
Q

What do plant and fungal cells have in addition?

A

a rigid cell wall surrounded by an extracellular matrix

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24
Q

Describe the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membrane

A

plasma membrane: phospholipids, other lipids, and membrane proteins -> two layers

each phospholipid molecule consists of two hydrophobic “tails” (face inward) and a hydrophilic “head” (face outtward) and is therefore an amphipathic molecule

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25
Q

What are 5 functions of membrane proteins?

A
  1. channel
  2. transport
  3. receptor
  4. enzymatic
  5. junction
26
Q

channel proteins

A

simple protein pores that allow substances to move across the membrane

27
Q

transport proteins

A

bind to substances to assist their movement across membranes

28
Q

receptor proteins

A

have a shape that can only bind to specific signal molecules

29
Q

enzymatic proteins

A

membrane proteins that carry out chemical reactions

30
Q

junction proteins

A

connect cells to each other and allow them to communicate

31
Q

Some organellas are surrounded by a membrane. What do membrane-bound organellas include?

A

nucleus
mitochondria/chloroplasts
golgi apparatus
endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes/peroxisomes

32
Q

Which organellas have endosymbiotic (A symbiotic relationship where one organism lives inside the other) origins?

A

mitochondria and chloroplast

33
Q

surrounded by 2 membranes (double - membrane organelle) and contains the cell’s genomic DNA in the linear form

A

nucleus

2 membranes (outer, inner) = nuclear envelope

34
Q

in nuclear membrane
permits the passage of ribosomal subunits and RNA, proteins out of -> into the nucleus

A

nuclear pores (=multiprotein complex)

35
Q

What is produced in the nucleus?

A

RNA, a nucleic acid

36
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

acts as an intermediary to DNA and carries the information for the amino acid sequence of a protein

37
Q

What is the function of rRNA?

A

combines with the specific proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes

38
Q

What is the function of nucleolus?

A

site of rRNA synthesis

39
Q

Where can ribosomes be found in eukaryotic cells?

A

in the cytoplasm (free)
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (membrane-bound)

40
Q

Which organelle is continuous with the membrane of the nucleus?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

2 subpopulations of ER based on appearance and function

A

rough - has ribosomes - synthesizes proteins - these proteins are packaged in transport vesicles

smooth - synthesize lipids (cholesterol, steroid hormones) - plays role in carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification (of harmful things)

42
Q

What is the function of ER?

A

site of the initial production of materials for use inside and outside of the cell

it’s single membrane

appears as an irregular maze of interconnected spaces

43
Q

Most cells have very little smooth ER. What is the exception?

A

Hepatocytes

44
Q

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus?

A

receives molecules from rough ER and chemically modifies and processes them before release from the cell

45
Q

What is Golgi apparatus composed of?

A

a series of flattened sacs (vesicles - cisternae)

46
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

digest molecules/structures within the cell

47
Q

What is the function of peroxisome?-

A

animal peroxisomes: uses oxidative reactions to break down molecules (fatty acids-lipids), detoxify compounds (alcohol, phenols)

involved in the biosynthesis of some phospholipids
plant: glyoxysomes - converting stored fat into carbohydrates

generating and degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

48
Q

What is a byproduct of oxidative reactions of peroxisome?
Why they must be neutralized?
How neutralized?

A

Hydrogen peroxide H2O2
corrosive and toxic to cells
peroxisomes contain an enzyme (catalase) that breaks down H2O2 to H2O and O2

49
Q

The ER, Golgi, secretory vesicles, lysosomes form ____ system
What is its function?

A

Endomembrane system
responsible for trafficking substances through the cell

50
Q

What provides energy for the cell?

A

Mitochondria - contains enzymes and intermediates for degradation of sugars + generation of ATP (aeorobic respiration)
Chloroplasts - harvests solar energy - converts to chemical energy in the form of ATP

51
Q

Mitochondrial structure

A

inner and outer mitochondrial membrane
inner: matrix, semifluid material (fills it)
matrix: small circular DNA molecules (encode some RNAs and proteins needed in mitochondria) and ribosomes (involved in protein synthesis)

52
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

Grana - thylakoids (flattened membranous sacs) - connected by stroma thylakoids

photosynthesis happens in/on thylakoid membranes
stroma: reduction of CO2 to sugar

53
Q

What is the function of cytoskeleton?

A

gives a cell distinctive shape and internal organization
plays a role in cell movement and division
serves as framework for positioning and moving organellas, macromolecules within the cell

54
Q

organelle made of protein tubulin proteins (alpha and betta) arranged to form hollow cylinders

A

microtubules

(assembled by the centrosome in animal cell)
can be associated with motor molecules (kinesin and dynein)

55
Q

What is the structure and function of actin filaments?

A

2 chains of globular actin monomers interwined in a helix

support the cell and any projections (microvill)
cell movemement
(with myosin) -> muscle contraction and cell division

56
Q

What is chromatin

A

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes

57
Q

vacuole

A

In animal and yeast cells: temporary storage or transport
Plant cells: central vacuole - maintaining the turgor pressure that keeps plant tissue from wilting

58
Q

The three major structural elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton

A

microtubules, composed of tubulin subunits,
microfilaments, composed of actin subunits,
intermediate filaments

59
Q

extracellular matrix (ECM) For many animal cells consist of
function

A

collagen fibrils and proteoglycans
cell motility and migration, cell division, cell recognition and adhesion, and cell differentiation during embryonic development

60
Q

cell wall for plant and fungal cells consist of

A

cellulose microfibrils

Primary walls are quite flexible and ex-tensible, which allows them to expand somewhat in response to cell enlargement and elongation. As a cell reaches its final size and shape, a much thicker and more rigid secondary cell wall may form ( defines the final size and shape of the cell)

BIOL 110 (6 decks)

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