Chemical foundation

Question 1

proton mass

Answer 1

1.67*10^(-24) g

Question 2

90% of organism’s weight is made up from

Answer 2

O, C, H, N

Question 3

macromolecules

Answer 3

cellular structures such as ribosomes, chromosomes, flagella, and cell walls are made up of ordered arrays of linear polymers

proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose, Lipids

Question 4

5 levels of polymerization

Answer 4

1. organic molecules: CO2, NH3, PO4 ions
2. monomers -> biological macromolecules
3. supramolecular structures
4. organellas
5. cell

Question 5

three major kinds of macromolecular polymers

Answer 5

proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides.

Question 6

principles that underlie the polymerization processes

Answer 6

1. Macromolecules are always synthesized by the stepwise polymerization of similar or identical small molecules called monomers.
2. The addition of each monomer occurs with the re-moval of a water molecule and is therefore termed a condensation reaction.
3. The monomeric units that are to be joined together must be present as activated monomers before condensa-tion can occur.
4. Activation usually involves coupling of the monomer to a carrier molecule, forming an activated monomer.
5. The energy needed to couple the monomer to the carrier molecule is provided by a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or a related high-energy compound.
6. Because of the way they are synthesized, macromolecules have an inherent directionality. This means that the two ends of the polymer chain are chemically differ-ent from each other.

Question 7

hydrolysis

Answer 7

breaking down of molecules

Question 8

dehydration synthesis

Answer 8

synthesis of macromolecules

Question 9

3 characteristics of covalent bonds

Answer 9

bond angles
bond lengths
bond energies (strengths)

Question 10

bond strength

Answer 10

amount of energy that must be supplied to break that bond (kcal/mole)

Question 11

kilocalorie

Answer 11

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of water by one degree C

Question 12

non-polar covalent bonds

Answer 12

hydrocarbons - stable C-H compounds
do not form hydrogen bonds
generally insoluble

methane, methyl group

Question 13

3 functional groups

Answer 13

carboxyl and phosphate groups - negatively charged
amino groups - positively charged
hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, carbonyl, aldehyde - neutral but polar groups

Question 14

hydrogen bond

Answer 14

electropositive H is partially shared by 2 electronegative atoms

Question 15

hydrophobic forces

Answer 15

the attraction between water-hating molecules (and surfaces) that draws them together, causing aggregation, phase separation, protein folding

Question 16

polarity of water (3 characteristics)

Answer 16

cohesiveness
temperature-stabilizing capacity (boiling point, specific heat, heat of vaporization)
solvent