Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychopharmacology > Lecture 3 Principles of Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Principles of Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A
  • The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Drug effects

A
  • The changes a drug produces in an animal’s physiological process and behavior
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Sites of Action

A
  • The locations at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A
  • The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Intravenous Injection (IV)

A
  • Injection of a substance directly into a vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Intraperitoneal Injection (IP)

A
  • The injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity-the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Intramuscular Injection (IM)

A
  • Injection of a substance into a muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Subcutaneous Injection (SC)

A
  • Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oral Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance into the mouth, so it is swallowed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sublingual Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Intrarectal Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance into the rectum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inhalation

A
  • Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pharmocodynamics

A
  • How the drug acts on the receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Topical Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance absorbed through the skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Intracerebral Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance directly into the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Drug Effectiveness Dose-response curve

A
  • Plots the magnitude of the effect of a drug as a function of the amount of the drug administered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Drug Effectiveness Therapeutic Index

A
  • The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Drug Effectiveness Affinity

A
  • The readiness with which two molecules join together
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tolerance

A
  • A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sensitization

A
  • An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Withdrawal Symptom

A
  • The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Placebo

A
  • An inert substance given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug;
  • Used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Antagonist

A
  • A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotrasmitter on the postsynaptic cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Agonist

A
  • A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Direct Agonist

A
  • A drug that binds with and activates a receptor. This drug mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Receptor Blocker

A
  • A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it
  • Prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Direct antagonist

A
  • Synonym for a receptor blocker
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Noncompetitve Binding

A
  • Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Indirect Antagonist

A
  • A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding of the priciple ligand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Indirect Agonist

A
  • A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding site of the principal ligand
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • The primary neurotransmitter secreted by the efferent axons of the CNS
  • All muscular movement is accomplished by the release of acetylcholine
  • Appears to be involved in regulating REM sleep, perceptual learning, and memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A
  • Precursor A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylecholine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)

A
  • The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Botulinum toxin

A
  • An acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Black Widow Spider Venom

A
  • A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Neostigmine

A
  • A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Nicotinic Receptor

A
  • An ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Muscarinic Receptor

A
  • A metabotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Atropine

A
  • A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Curare

A
  • A drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and causes paralysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Monoamines - Catecholamines

A
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Epinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Monoamines - Indolamines

A
  • Serotonin (5-HT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Norepinephrine

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Monoamine

A
  • A class of amines that includes indolamines such as serotonin and catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Dopamine

A
  • A neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines
  • Produces both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
  • Implicated roles in movement, attention, learning, reinforcing effects of abused drugs
  • Synthesized from tyrosine that we obtain from our diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Monoamines-dopamine– L-DOPA

A
  • The biologically active form of DOPA
  • The precursor of the catecholamines
  • Often used to treat Parkinson’s disease because of its role as a dopamine agonist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Nigrostriatal System

A
  • A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia)
  • Appears to play a role in the control of movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Mesolimbic system

A
  • A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus
  • Appears to play a role in the reinforcing effects of drugs that are commonly abused
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Mesocortical System

A
  • A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex
  • Appears to influence formation of short-term memories, planning, and preparing strategies for problem solving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Brain Diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Parkinson’s disease

A
  • A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty initiating movements
  • Caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system
  • Has been treated with L-DOPA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – AMPT (Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine)

A
  • A drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines.
  • Pheochromocytoma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Reserpine

A
  • A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles
  • Serves as a monoamine antagonist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Methylphenidate

A
  • A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine
  • Also known as Ritalin
  • Used to treat children with attention deficit disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

A
  • A class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines; dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Deprenyl (Selegiline)

A
  • A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B
  • Acts as a dopamine agonist
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Chlorpromazine

A
  • A drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Monoamines-norepinephrine (NE) – norepinephrine

A
  • One of the catecholamines
  • A neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Epinephrine

A
  • One of the catecholamines
  • A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • Serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Monoamines-norepinephrine

A
  • Norepinephrine is synonymous with noradrenaline
  • Found in neurons of the brain and the autonomic nervous system
  • Almost every region of the brain receives input from noradrenergic neurons
  • Implicatted to play central role in vigilance or attentiveness to events in the environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Fusaric Acid

A
  • A drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-B-hydroxylase and thus blocks the production of norepinephrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Locus Coeruleus

A
  • A dark-colored group of noradreneric cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Monoamines – Serotonin

A
  • Serotonin is an indolamine neurotransmitter
  • Also called 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptamine
  • Thought to play a role in the regulation of mood, the control of eating, sleep, dreaming, and arousal
  • Also thought to be involved in the regulation of pain
  • The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor of serotonin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – Fluoxetine (Prozac)

A
  • A drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT
  • Used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and some anxiety disorders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – Fenfluramine (Fen-Phen)

A
  • A drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – LSD

A
  • A drug that stimulates 5-HT2a receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Monoamines-glutamate – MDMA

A
  • A drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist, also known as “ecstasy”
  • Has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Monoamines-glutamate – Glutamate

A
  • An amino acid
  • The most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Monoamines-glutamate – NMDA receptor

A
  • A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions
  • Has several other binding sites
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Monoamines-glutamate – AMPA receptor

A
  • An ionotropic glutame receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Glutamate Ion channel

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Amino Acids - The most common amino acid transmitters are:

A
  • Glutamate
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • Glycine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Amino acids-glutamate – Kainate receptor

A
  • An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel
  • Stimulated by kainic acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Amino acids-glutamate – Metabotropic glutamate receptor

A
  • A category of metabotropic receptors sensitive to glutamate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Amino acids-glutamate – PCP (Phencyclidine)

A
  • A drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist of glutamate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Amino acids – GABA

A
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid is an amino acid
  • GABA is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

NMDA receptor

79
Q

Amino acids-GABA – Benzodiazepine

A
  • A category of anxiolytic drugs
  • An indirect agonist for the GABAa receptor
  • These drugs are used for their tranquilizing effects
  • Examples of these drugs include Valium (diazepam) and Librium (Chlordiazepoxide)
80
Q

Amino acids-GABA – Anxiolytic

A
  • An anxiety-reducing effect
81
Q

GABA receptor

82
Q

Amino acids – Glycine

A
  • It appears to bbe the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord
83
Q

Amino Acids – Strychnine

A
  • A direct antagonist for the glycine receptor
  • Causes convulsions and death even in small doses
84
Q

Peptides

A
  • Neurons of the CNS release a large variety of peptides
  • A neuron manufactures both the polypeptides and the enzymes that it needs to break them apart
  • Synthesis takes place in the soma. They are delivered to the terminal buttons by axoplasmic transport
  • Most peptides appear to serve as neuromodulators, while some act as neurotransmitters
85
Q

Peptides – Endogenous Opioid

A
  • A class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates
  • Drugs that affect opioid receptors reduce pain
86
Q

Opiate

A
  • Narcotic analgesic derived from opium poppy (natural)
87
Q

Opioid

A
  • Narcotic analgesic that is at least part synthetic, not found in nature
88
Q

Enkephalin

A
  • One of the endogenous opioids
89
Q

Naloxone (Narcan)

A
  • A drug that blocks opioid receptors
  • Often used to treat heroin overdose
90
Q

Lipids-Endocannabinoid

A
  • A lipid
  • An endogenous ligand for receptors that bind with THC, the active ingredient of marijuana
91
Q

Lipids – Anandamide

A
  • The first cannabinoid to be discovered and probably the most important one
92
Q

Lipids – Rimonabant

A
  • A drug that blocks cannabinoid CB1 receptors
93
Q

Nucleosides – Adenosine

A
  • A combination of ribose and adenine
  • Released by glial cells and neurons
  • Dilates blood vessels and increases supply of cellular nutrients
94
Q

Nucleosides – Caffeine

A
  • A bitter-tasting alkaloid drug that blocks adenosine receptors
95
Q

Soluble gases – Nitric oxide (NO)

A
  • A gas produced by cells in the nervous system
  • Used as a means of communication between cells
96
Q

Soluble gases – Nitric oxide synthase

A
  • The enzyme responsible for production of nitric oxide
97
Q

Lobes of the Brain

98
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior
A

Psychopharmacology

99
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The changes a drug produces in an animal’s physiological process and behavior
A

Drug effects

100
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The locations at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells
A

Sites of Action

101
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted
A

Pharmacokinetics

102
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Injection of a substance directly into a vein
A

Intravenous Injection (IV)

103
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity-the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.
A

Intraperitoneal Injection (IP)

104
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Injection of a substance into a muscle
A

Intramuscular Injection (IM)

105
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin
A

Subcutaneous Injection (SC)

106
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a substance into the mouth, so it is swallowed
A

Oral Administration

107
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue
A

Sublingual Administration

108
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a substance into the rectum
A

Intrarectal Administration

109
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs
A

Inhalation

110
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • How the drug acts on the receptors
A

Pharmocodynamics

111
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a substance absorbed through the skin
A

Topical Administration

112
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a substance directly into the brain
A

Intracerebral Administration

113
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Plots the magnitude of the effect of a drug as a function of the amount of the drug administered
A

Drug Effectiveness Dose-response curve

114
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals
A

Drug Effectiveness Therapeutic Index

115
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The readiness with which two molecules join together
A

Drug Effectiveness Affinity

116
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
117
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
A

Sensitization

118
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken
A

Withdrawal Symptom

119
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An inert substance given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug;
  • Used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug
120
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotrasmitter on the postsynaptic cell
A

Antagonist

121
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
122
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that binds with and activates a receptor. This drug mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter
A

Direct Agonist

123
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it
  • Prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor
A

Receptor Blocker

124
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Synonym for a receptor blocker
A

Direct antagonist

125
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand
A

Noncompetitve Binding

126
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding of the priciple ligand
A

Indirect Antagonist

127
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding site of the principal ligand
A

Indirect Agonist

128
Q
129
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The primary neurotransmitter secreted by the efferent axons of the CNS
  • All muscular movement is accomplished by the release of acetylcholine
  • Appears to be involved in regulating REM sleep, perceptual learning, and memory
A

Acetylcholine

130
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Precursor A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylecholine
A

Acetyl-CoA

131
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
A

Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)

132
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons
A

Botulinum toxin

133
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine
A

Black Widow Spider Venom

134
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase
A

Neostigmine

135
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare
A

Nicotinic Receptor

136
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A metabotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine
A

Muscarinic Receptor

137
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
138
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and causes paralysis
139
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Epinephrine
A

Monoamines - Catecholamines

140
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Serotonin (5-HT)
A

Monoamines - Indolamines

141
Q
A

Norepinephrine

142
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A class of amines that includes indolamines such as serotonin and catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
143
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines
  • Produces both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
  • Implicated roles in movement, attention, learning, reinforcing effects of abused drugs
  • Synthesized from tyrosine that we obtain from our diet
144
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The biologically active form of DOPA
  • The precursor of the catecholamines
  • Often used to treat Parkinson’s disease because of its role as a dopamine agonist
A

Monoamines-dopamine– L-DOPA

145
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia)
  • Appears to play a role in the control of movement
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Nigrostriatal System

146
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus
  • Appears to play a role in the reinforcing effects of drugs that are commonly abused
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Mesolimbic system

147
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex
  • Appears to influence formation of short-term memories, planning, and preparing strategies for problem solving
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Mesocortical System

148
Q
A

Brain Diagram

149
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty initiating movements
  • Caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system
  • Has been treated with L-DOPA
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Parkinson’s disease

150
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines.
  • Pheochromocytoma
A

Monoamines-dopamine – AMPT (Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine)

151
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles
  • Serves as a monoamine antagonist
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Reserpine

152
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine
  • Also known as Ritalin
  • Used to treat children with attention deficit disorder
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Methylphenidate

153
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines; dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

154
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B
  • Acts as a dopamine agonist
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Deprenyl (Selegiline)

155
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2receptors
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Chlorpromazine

156
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • One of the catecholamines
  • A neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
A

Monoamines-norepinephrine (NE) – norepinephrine

157
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • One of the catecholamines
  • A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • Serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain
A

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Epinephrine

158
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Norepinephrine is synonymous with noradrenaline
  • Found in neurons of the brain and the autonomic nervous system
  • Almost every region of the brain receives input from noradrenergic neurons
  • Implicatted to play central role in vigilance or attentiveness to events in the environment
A

Monoamines-norepinephrine

159
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-B-hydroxylase and thus blocks the production of norepinephrine
A

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Fusaric Acid

160
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A dark-colored group of noradreneric cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle
A

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Locus Coeruleus

161
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Serotonin is an indolamine neurotransmitter
  • Also called 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptamine
  • Thought to play a role in the regulation of mood, the control of eating, sleep, dreaming, and arousal
  • Also thought to be involved in the regulation of pain
  • The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor of serotonin
A

Monoamines – Serotonin

162
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT
  • Used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and some anxiety disorders
A

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – Fluoxetine (Prozac)

163
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT
A

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – Fenfluramine (Fen-Phen)

164
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that stimulates 5-HT2a receptors
A

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – LSD

165
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist, also known as “ecstasy”
  • Has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects
A

Monoamines-glutamate – MDMA

166
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An amino acid
  • The most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
A

Monoamines-glutamate – Glutamate

167
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions
  • Has several other binding sites
A

Monoamines-glutamate – NMDA receptor

168
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An ionotropic glutame receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA
A

Monoamines-glutamate – AMPA receptor

169
Q
A

Glutamate Ion channel

170
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Glutamate
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • Glycine
A

Amino Acids - The most common amino acid transmitters are:

171
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel
  • Stimulated by kainic acid
A

Amino acids-glutamate – Kainate receptor

172
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A category of metabotropic receptors sensitive to glutamate
A

Amino acids-glutamate – Metabotropic glutamate receptor

173
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist of glutamate
A

Amino acids-glutamate – PCP (Phencyclidine)

174
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid is an amino acid
  • GABA is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord
A

Amino acids – GABA

175
Q
A

NMDA receptor

176
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A category of anxiolytic drugs
  • An indirect agonist for the GABAa receptor
  • These drugs are used for their tranquilizing effects
  • Examples of these drugs include Valium (diazepam) and Librium (Chlordiazepoxide)
A

Amino acids-GABA – Benzodiazepine

177
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An anxiety-reducing effect
A

Amino acids-GABA – Anxiolytic

178
Q
A

GABA receptor

179
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • It appears to bbe the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord
A

Amino acids – Glycine

180
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A direct antagonist for the glycine receptor
  • Causes convulsions and death even in small doses
A

Amino Acids – Strychnine

181
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Neurons of the CNS release a large variety of peptides
  • A neuron manufactures both the polypeptides and the enzymes that it needs to break them apart
  • Synthesis takes place in the soma. They are delivered to the terminal buttons by axoplasmic transport
  • Most peptides appear to serve as neuromodulators, while some act as neurotransmitters
182
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates
  • Drugs that affect opioid receptors reduce pain
A

Peptides – Endogenous Opioid

183
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Narcotic analgesic derived from opium poppy (natural)
184
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Narcotic analgesic that is at least part synthetic, not found in nature
185
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • One of the endogenous opioids
A

Enkephalin

186
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks opioid receptors
  • Often used to treat heroin overdose
A

Naloxone (Narcan)

187
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A lipid
  • An endogenous ligand for receptors that bind with THC, the active ingredient of marijuana
A

Lipids-Endocannabinoid

188
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The first cannabinoid to be discovered and probably the most important one
A

Lipids – Anandamide

189
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks cannabinoid CB1 receptors
A

Lipids – Rimonabant

190
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A combination of ribose and adenine
  • Released by glial cells and neurons
  • Dilates blood vessels and increases supply of cellular nutrients
A

Nucleosides – Adenosine

191
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A bitter-tasting alkaloid drug that blocks adenosine receptors
A

Nucleosides – Caffeine

192
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A gas produced by cells in the nervous system
  • Used as a means of communication between cells
A

Soluble gases – Nitric oxide (NO)

193
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The enzyme responsible for production of nitric oxide
A

Soluble gases – Nitric oxide synthase

194
Q
A

Lobes of the Brain

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions