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Lecture 3 Principles of Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A
  • The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior
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2
Q

Drug effects

A
  • The changes a drug produces in an animal’s physiological process and behavior
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3
Q

Sites of Action

A
  • The locations at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells
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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A
  • The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted
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5
Q

Intravenous Injection (IV)

A
  • Injection of a substance directly into a vein
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6
Q

Intraperitoneal Injection (IP)

A
  • The injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity-the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.
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7
Q

Intramuscular Injection (IM)

A
  • Injection of a substance into a muscle
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8
Q

Subcutaneous Injection (SC)

A
  • Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin
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9
Q

Oral Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance into the mouth, so it is swallowed
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10
Q

Sublingual Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue
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11
Q

Intrarectal Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance into the rectum
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12
Q

Inhalation

A
  • Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs
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13
Q

Pharmocodynamics

A
  • How the drug acts on the receptors
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14
Q

Topical Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance absorbed through the skin
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15
Q

Intracerebral Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance directly into the brain
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16
Q

Drug Effectiveness Dose-response curve

A
  • Plots the magnitude of the effect of a drug as a function of the amount of the drug administered
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17
Q

Drug Effectiveness Therapeutic Index

A
  • The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals
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18
Q

Drug Effectiveness Affinity

A
  • The readiness with which two molecules join together
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19
Q

Tolerance

A
  • A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
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20
Q

Sensitization

A
  • An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
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21
Q

Withdrawal Symptom

A
  • The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken
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22
Q

Placebo

A
  • An inert substance given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug;
  • Used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug
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23
Q

Antagonist

A
  • A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotrasmitter on the postsynaptic cell
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24
Q

Agonist

A
  • A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
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25
Direct Agonist
* A drug that binds with and activates a receptor. This drug mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter
26
Receptor Blocker
* A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it * Prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor
27
Direct antagonist
* Synonym for a receptor blocker
28
Noncompetitve Binding
* Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor * Does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand
29
Indirect Antagonist
* A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and **interferes** with the action of the receptor * Does not interfere with the binding of the priciple ligand
30
Indirect Agonist
* A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and **facilitates** the action of the receptor * Does not interfere with the binding site of the principal ligand
31
Diagram
32
Acetylcholine
* The primary neurotransmitter secreted by the efferent axons of the CNS * All muscular movement is accomplished by the release of acetylcholine * Appears to be involved in regulating REM sleep, perceptual learning, and memory
33
Acetyl-CoA
* Precursor A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylecholine
34
Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)
* The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
35
Botulinum toxin
* An acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons
36
Black Widow Spider Venom
* A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine
37
Neostigmine
* A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase
38
Nicotinic Receptor
* An ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare
39
Muscarinic Receptor
* A metabotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine
40
Atropine
* A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
41
Curare
* A drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and causes paralysis
42
Monoamines - Catecholamines
* Dopamine (DA) * Norepinephrine (NE) * Epinephrine
43
Monoamines - Indolamines
* Serotonin (5-HT)
44
Norepinephrine
45
Monoamine
* A class of amines that includes indolamines such as serotonin and catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
46
Dopamine
* A neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines * Produces both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials * Implicated roles in movement, attention, learning, reinforcing effects of abused drugs * Synthesized from tyrosine that we obtain from our diet
47
Monoamines-dopamine-- L-DOPA
* The biologically active form of DOPA * The precursor of the catecholamines * Often used to treat Parkinson's disease because of its role as a dopamine agonist
48
Monoamines-dopamine -- Nigrostriatal System
* A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia) * Appears to play a role in the control of movement
49
Monoamines-dopamine -- Mesolimbic system
* A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus * Appears to play a role in the reinforcing effects of drugs that are commonly abused
50
Monoamines-dopamine -- Mesocortical System
* A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex * Appears to influence formation of short-term memories, planning, and preparing strategies for problem solving
51
Brain Diagram
52
Monoamines-dopamine -- Parkinson's disease
* A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty initiating movements * Caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system * Has been treated with L-DOPA
53
Monoamines-dopamine -- AMPT (Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine)
* A drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines. * Pheochromocytoma
54
Monoamines-dopamine -- Reserpine
* A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles * Serves as a monoamine antagonist
55
Monoamines-dopamine -- Methylphenidate
* A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine * Also known as Ritalin * Used to treat children with attention deficit disorder
56
Monoamines-dopamine -- Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
* A class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines; dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
57
Monoamines-dopamine -- Deprenyl (Selegiline)
* A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B * Acts as a dopamine agonist
58
Monoamines-dopamine -- Chlorpromazine
* A drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors
59
Monoamines-norepinephrine (NE) -- norepinephrine
* One of the catecholamines * A neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
60
Monoamines-norepinephrine -- Epinephrine
* One of the catecholamines * A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla * Serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain
61
Monoamines-norepinephrine
* Norepinephrine is synonymous with noradrenaline * Found in neurons of the brain and the autonomic nervous system * Almost every region of the brain receives input from noradrenergic neurons * Implicatted to play central role in vigilance or attentiveness to events in the environment
62
Monoamines-norepinephrine -- Fusaric Acid
* A drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-B-hydroxylase and thus blocks the production of norepinephrine
63
Monoamines-norepinephrine -- Locus Coeruleus
* A dark-colored group of noradreneric cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle
64
Monoamines -- Serotonin
* Serotonin is an indolamine neurotransmitter * Also called 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptamine * Thought to play a role in the regulation of mood, the control of eating, sleep, dreaming, and arousal * Also thought to be involved in the regulation of pain * The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor of serotonin
65
Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) -- Fluoxetine (Prozac)
* A drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT * Used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and some anxiety disorders
66
Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) -- Fenfluramine (Fen-Phen)
* A drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT
67
Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) -- LSD
* A drug that stimulates 5-HT2a receptors
68
Monoamines-glutamate -- MDMA
* A drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist, also known as "ecstasy" * Has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects
69
Monoamines-glutamate -- Glutamate
* An amino acid * The most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
70
Monoamines-glutamate -- NMDA receptor
* A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions * Has several other binding sites
71
Monoamines-glutamate -- AMPA receptor
* An ionotropic glutame receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA
72
Glutamate Ion channel
73
Amino Acids - The most common amino acid transmitters are:
* Glutamate * Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) * Glycine
74
Amino acids-glutamate -- Kainate receptor
* An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel * Stimulated by kainic acid
75
Amino acids-glutamate -- Metabotropic glutamate receptor
* A category of metabotropic receptors sensitive to glutamate
76
Amino acids-glutamate -- PCP (Phencyclidine)
* A drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist of glutamate
77
Amino acids -- GABA
* Gamma-aminobutyric acid is an amino acid * GABA is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord
78
NMDA receptor
79
Amino acids-GABA -- Benzodiazepine
* A category of anxiolytic drugs * An indirect agonist for the GABAa receptor * These drugs are used for their tranquilizing effects * Examples of these drugs include Valium (diazepam) and Librium (Chlordiazepoxide)
80
Amino acids-GABA -- Anxiolytic
* An anxiety-reducing effect
81
GABA receptor
82
Amino acids -- Glycine
* It appears to bbe the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord
83
Amino Acids -- Strychnine
* A direct antagonist for the glycine receptor * Causes convulsions and death even in small doses
84
Peptides
* Neurons of the CNS release a large variety of peptides * A neuron manufactures both the polypeptides and the enzymes that it needs to break them apart * Synthesis takes place in the soma. They are delivered to the terminal buttons by axoplasmic transport * Most peptides appear to serve as neuromodulators, while some act as neurotransmitters
85
Peptides -- Endogenous Opioid
* A class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates * Drugs that affect opioid receptors reduce pain
86
Opiate
* Narcotic analgesic derived from opium poppy (natural)
87
Opioid
* Narcotic analgesic that is at least part synthetic, not found in nature
88
Enkephalin
* One of the endogenous opioids
89
Naloxone (Narcan)
* A drug that blocks opioid receptors * Often used to treat heroin overdose
90
Lipids-Endocannabinoid
* A lipid * An endogenous ligand for receptors that bind with THC, the active ingredient of marijuana
91
Lipids -- Anandamide
* The first cannabinoid to be discovered and probably the most important one
92
Lipids -- Rimonabant
* A drug that blocks cannabinoid CB1 receptors
93
Nucleosides -- Adenosine
* A combination of ribose and adenine * Released by glial cells and neurons * Dilates blood vessels and increases supply of cellular nutrients
94
Nucleosides -- Caffeine
* A bitter-tasting alkaloid drug that blocks adenosine receptors
95
Soluble gases -- Nitric oxide (NO)
* A gas produced by cells in the nervous system * Used as a means of communication between cells
96
Soluble gases -- Nitric oxide synthase
* The enzyme responsible for production of nitric oxide
97
Lobes of the Brain
98
# Reversed Prompt - The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior
Psychopharmacology
99
# Reversed Prompt - The changes a drug produces in an animal's physiological process and behavior
Drug effects
100
# Reversed Prompt - The locations at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells
Sites of Action
101
# Reversed Prompt - The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted
Pharmacokinetics
102
# Reversed Prompt - Injection of a substance directly into a vein
Intravenous Injection (IV)
103
# Reversed Prompt - The injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity-the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.
Intraperitoneal Injection (IP)
104
# Reversed Prompt - Injection of a substance into a muscle
Intramuscular Injection (IM)
105
# Reversed Prompt - Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin
Subcutaneous Injection (SC)
106
# Reversed Prompt - Administration of a substance into the mouth, so it is swallowed
Oral Administration
107
# Reversed Prompt - Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue
Sublingual Administration
108
# Reversed Prompt - Administration of a substance into the rectum
Intrarectal Administration
109
# Reversed Prompt - Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs
Inhalation
110
# Reversed Prompt - How the drug acts on the receptors
Pharmocodynamics
111
# Reversed Prompt - Administration of a substance absorbed through the skin
Topical Administration
112
# Reversed Prompt - Administration of a substance directly into the brain
Intracerebral Administration
113
# Reversed Prompt - Plots the magnitude of the effect of a drug as a function of the amount of the drug administered
Drug Effectiveness Dose-response curve
114
# Reversed Prompt - The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals
Drug Effectiveness Therapeutic Index
115
# Reversed Prompt - The readiness with which two molecules join together
Drug Effectiveness Affinity
116
# Reversed Prompt - A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
Tolerance
117
# Reversed Prompt - An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
Sensitization
118
# Reversed Prompt - The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken
Withdrawal Symptom
119
# Reversed Prompt * An inert substance given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug; * Used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug
Placebo
120
# Reversed Prompt - A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotrasmitter on the postsynaptic cell
Antagonist
121
# Reversed Prompt - A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
Agonist
122
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that binds with and activates a receptor. This drug mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter
Direct Agonist
123
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it * Prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor
Receptor Blocker
124
# Reversed Prompt * Synonym for a receptor blocker
Direct antagonist
125
# Reversed Prompt * Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor * Does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand
Noncompetitve Binding
126
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and **interferes** with the action of the receptor * Does not interfere with the binding of the priciple ligand
Indirect Antagonist
127
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and **facilitates** the action of the receptor * Does not interfere with the binding site of the principal ligand
Indirect Agonist
128
Diagram
129
# Reversed Prompt * The primary neurotransmitter secreted by the efferent axons of the CNS * All muscular movement is accomplished by the release of acetylcholine * Appears to be involved in regulating REM sleep, perceptual learning, and memory
Acetylcholine
130
# Reversed Prompt * Precursor A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylecholine
Acetyl-CoA
131
# Reversed Prompt * The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)
132
# Reversed Prompt * An acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons
Botulinum toxin
133
# Reversed Prompt * A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine
Black Widow Spider Venom
134
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase
Neostigmine
135
# Reversed Prompt * An ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare
Nicotinic Receptor
136
# Reversed Prompt * A metabotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine
Muscarinic Receptor
137
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
Atropine
138
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and causes paralysis
Curare
139
# Reversed Prompt * Dopamine (DA) * Norepinephrine (NE) * Epinephrine
Monoamines - Catecholamines
140
# Reversed Prompt * Serotonin (5-HT)
Monoamines - Indolamines
141
Norepinephrine
142
# Reversed Prompt * A class of amines that includes indolamines such as serotonin and catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Monoamine
143
# Reversed Prompt * A neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines * Produces both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials * Implicated roles in movement, attention, learning, reinforcing effects of abused drugs * Synthesized from tyrosine that we obtain from our diet
Dopamine
144
# Reversed Prompt * The biologically active form of DOPA * The precursor of the catecholamines * Often used to treat Parkinson's disease because of its role as a dopamine agonist
Monoamines-dopamine-- L-DOPA
145
# Reversed Prompt * A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia) * Appears to play a role in the control of movement
Monoamines-dopamine -- Nigrostriatal System
146
# Reversed Prompt * A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus * Appears to play a role in the reinforcing effects of drugs that are commonly abused
Monoamines-dopamine -- Mesolimbic system
147
# Reversed Prompt * A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex * Appears to influence formation of short-term memories, planning, and preparing strategies for problem solving
Monoamines-dopamine -- Mesocortical System
148
Brain Diagram
149
# Reversed Prompt * A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty initiating movements * Caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system * Has been treated with L-DOPA
Monoamines-dopamine -- Parkinson's disease
150
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines. * Pheochromocytoma
Monoamines-dopamine -- AMPT (Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine)
151
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles * Serves as a monoamine antagonist
Monoamines-dopamine -- Reserpine
152
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine * Also known as Ritalin * Used to treat children with attention deficit disorder
Monoamines-dopamine -- Methylphenidate
153
# Reversed Prompt * A class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines; dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
Monoamines-dopamine -- Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)
154
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B * Acts as a dopamine agonist
Monoamines-dopamine -- Deprenyl (Selegiline)
155
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2 receptors
Monoamines-dopamine -- Chlorpromazine
156
# Reversed Prompt * One of the catecholamines * A neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Monoamines-norepinephrine (NE) -- norepinephrine
157
# Reversed Prompt * One of the catecholamines * A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla * Serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain
Monoamines-norepinephrine -- Epinephrine
158
# Reversed Prompt * Norepinephrine is synonymous with noradrenaline * Found in neurons of the brain and the autonomic nervous system * Almost every region of the brain receives input from noradrenergic neurons * Implicatted to play central role in vigilance or attentiveness to events in the environment
Monoamines-norepinephrine
159
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-B-hydroxylase and thus blocks the production of norepinephrine
Monoamines-norepinephrine -- Fusaric Acid
160
# Reversed Prompt * A dark-colored group of noradreneric cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle
Monoamines-norepinephrine -- Locus Coeruleus
161
# Reversed Prompt * Serotonin is an indolamine neurotransmitter * Also called 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptamine * Thought to play a role in the regulation of mood, the control of eating, sleep, dreaming, and arousal * Also thought to be involved in the regulation of pain * The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor of serotonin
Monoamines -- Serotonin
162
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT * Used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and some anxiety disorders
Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) -- Fluoxetine (Prozac)
163
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT
Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) -- Fenfluramine (Fen-Phen)
164
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that stimulates 5-HT2a receptors
Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) -- LSD
165
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist, also known as "ecstasy" * Has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects
Monoamines-glutamate -- MDMA
166
# Reversed Prompt * An amino acid * The most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
Monoamines-glutamate -- Glutamate
167
# Reversed Prompt * A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions * Has several other binding sites
Monoamines-glutamate -- NMDA receptor
168
# Reversed Prompt * An ionotropic glutame receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA
Monoamines-glutamate -- AMPA receptor
169
Glutamate Ion channel
170
# Reversed Prompt * Glutamate * Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) * Glycine
Amino Acids - The most common amino acid transmitters are:
171
# Reversed Prompt * An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel * Stimulated by kainic acid
Amino acids-glutamate -- Kainate receptor
172
# Reversed Prompt * A category of metabotropic receptors sensitive to glutamate
Amino acids-glutamate -- Metabotropic glutamate receptor
173
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist of glutamate
Amino acids-glutamate -- PCP (Phencyclidine)
174
# Reversed Prompt * Gamma-aminobutyric acid is an amino acid * GABA is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord
Amino acids -- GABA
175
NMDA receptor
176
# Reversed Prompt * A category of anxiolytic drugs * An indirect agonist for the GABAa receptor * These drugs are used for their tranquilizing effects * Examples of these drugs include Valium (diazepam) and Librium (Chlordiazepoxide)
Amino acids-GABA -- Benzodiazepine
177
# Reversed Prompt * An anxiety-reducing effect
Amino acids-GABA -- Anxiolytic
178
GABA receptor
179
# Reversed Prompt * It appears to bbe the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord
Amino acids -- Glycine
180
# Reversed Prompt * A direct antagonist for the glycine receptor * Causes convulsions and death even in small doses
Amino Acids -- Strychnine
181
# Reversed Prompt * Neurons of the CNS release a large variety of peptides * A neuron manufactures both the polypeptides and the enzymes that it needs to break them apart * Synthesis takes place in the soma. They are delivered to the terminal buttons by axoplasmic transport * Most peptides appear to serve as neuromodulators, while some act as neurotransmitters
Peptides
182
# Reversed Prompt * A class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates * Drugs that affect opioid receptors reduce pain
Peptides -- Endogenous Opioid
183
# Reversed Prompt * Narcotic analgesic derived from opium poppy (natural)
Opiate
184
# Reversed Prompt * Narcotic analgesic that is at least part synthetic, not found in nature
Opioid
185
# Reversed Prompt * One of the endogenous opioids
Enkephalin
186
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that blocks opioid receptors * Often used to treat heroin overdose
Naloxone (Narcan)
187
# Reversed Prompt * A lipid * An endogenous ligand for receptors that bind with THC, the active ingredient of marijuana
Lipids-Endocannabinoid
188
# Reversed Prompt * The first cannabinoid to be discovered and probably the most important one
Lipids -- Anandamide
189
# Reversed Prompt * A drug that blocks cannabinoid CB1 receptors
Lipids -- Rimonabant
190
# Reversed Prompt * A combination of ribose and adenine * Released by glial cells and neurons * Dilates blood vessels and increases supply of cellular nutrients
Nucleosides -- Adenosine
191
# Reversed Prompt * A bitter-tasting alkaloid drug that blocks adenosine receptors
Nucleosides -- Caffeine
192
# Reversed Prompt * A gas produced by cells in the nervous system * Used as a means of communication between cells
Soluble gases -- Nitric oxide (NO)
193
# Reversed Prompt * The enzyme responsible for production of nitric oxide
Soluble gases -- Nitric oxide synthase
194
Lobes of the Brain

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

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