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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 3 Principles of Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Principles of Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A
  • The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior
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2
Q

Drug effects

A
  • The changes a drug produces in an animal’s physiological process and behavior
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3
Q

Sites of Action

A
  • The locations at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells
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4
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A
  • The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted
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5
Q

Intravenous Injection (IV)

A
  • Injection of a substance directly into a vein
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6
Q

Intraperitoneal Injection (IP)

A
  • The injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity-the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.
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7
Q

Intramuscular Injection (IM)

A
  • Injection of a substance into a muscle
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8
Q

Subcutaneous Injection (SC)

A
  • Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin
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9
Q

Oral Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance into the mouth, so it is swallowed
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10
Q

Sublingual Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue
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11
Q

Intrarectal Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance into the rectum
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12
Q

Inhalation

A
  • Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs
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13
Q

Pharmocodynamics

A
  • How the drug acts on the receptors
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14
Q

Topical Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance absorbed through the skin
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15
Q

Intracerebral Administration

A
  • Administration of a substance directly into the brain
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16
Q

Drug Effectiveness Dose-response curve

A
  • Plots the magnitude of the effect of a drug as a function of the amount of the drug administered
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17
Q

Drug Effectiveness Therapeutic Index

A
  • The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals
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18
Q

Drug Effectiveness Affinity

A
  • The readiness with which two molecules join together
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19
Q

Tolerance

A
  • A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
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20
Q

Sensitization

A
  • An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
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21
Q

Withdrawal Symptom

A
  • The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken
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22
Q

Placebo

A
  • An inert substance given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug;
  • Used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug
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23
Q

Antagonist

A
  • A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotrasmitter on the postsynaptic cell
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24
Q

Agonist

A
  • A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
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25
Q

Direct Agonist

A
  • A drug that binds with and activates a receptor. This drug mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter
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26
Q

Receptor Blocker

A
  • A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it
  • Prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor
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27
Q

Direct antagonist

A
  • Synonym for a receptor blocker
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28
Q

Noncompetitve Binding

A
  • Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand
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29
Q

Indirect Antagonist

A
  • A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding of the priciple ligand
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30
Q

Indirect Agonist

A
  • A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding site of the principal ligand
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31
Q

Diagram

A
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32
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • The primary neurotransmitter secreted by the efferent axons of the CNS
  • All muscular movement is accomplished by the release of acetylcholine
  • Appears to be involved in regulating REM sleep, perceptual learning, and memory
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33
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A
  • Precursor A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylecholine
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34
Q

Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)

A
  • The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
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35
Q

Botulinum toxin

A
  • An acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons
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36
Q

Black Widow Spider Venom

A
  • A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine
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37
Q

Neostigmine

A
  • A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase
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38
Q

Nicotinic Receptor

A
  • An ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare
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39
Q

Muscarinic Receptor

A
  • A metabotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine
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40
Q

Atropine

A
  • A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
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41
Q

Curare

A
  • A drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and causes paralysis
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42
Q

Monoamines - Catecholamines

A
  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Epinephrine
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43
Q

Monoamines - Indolamines

A
  • Serotonin (5-HT)
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44
Q

Norepinephrine

A
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45
Q

Monoamine

A
  • A class of amines that includes indolamines such as serotonin and catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
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46
Q

Dopamine

A
  • A neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines
  • Produces both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
  • Implicated roles in movement, attention, learning, reinforcing effects of abused drugs
  • Synthesized from tyrosine that we obtain from our diet
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47
Q

Monoamines-dopamine– L-DOPA

A
  • The biologically active form of DOPA
  • The precursor of the catecholamines
  • Often used to treat Parkinson’s disease because of its role as a dopamine agonist
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48
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Nigrostriatal System

A
  • A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia)
  • Appears to play a role in the control of movement
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49
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Mesolimbic system

A
  • A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus
  • Appears to play a role in the reinforcing effects of drugs that are commonly abused
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50
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Mesocortical System

A
  • A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex
  • Appears to influence formation of short-term memories, planning, and preparing strategies for problem solving
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51
Q

Brain Diagram

A
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52
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Parkinson’s disease

A
  • A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty initiating movements
  • Caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system
  • Has been treated with L-DOPA
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53
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – AMPT (Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine)

A
  • A drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines.
  • Pheochromocytoma
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54
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Reserpine

A
  • A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles
  • Serves as a monoamine antagonist
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55
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Methylphenidate

A
  • A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine
  • Also known as Ritalin
  • Used to treat children with attention deficit disorder
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56
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

A
  • A class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines; dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
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57
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Deprenyl (Selegiline)

A
  • A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B
  • Acts as a dopamine agonist
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58
Q

Monoamines-dopamine – Chlorpromazine

A
  • A drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2receptors
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59
Q

Monoamines-norepinephrine (NE) – norepinephrine

A
  • One of the catecholamines
  • A neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
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60
Q

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Epinephrine

A
  • One of the catecholamines
  • A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • Serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain
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61
Q

Monoamines-norepinephrine

A
  • Norepinephrine is synonymous with noradrenaline
  • Found in neurons of the brain and the autonomic nervous system
  • Almost every region of the brain receives input from noradrenergic neurons
  • Implicatted to play central role in vigilance or attentiveness to events in the environment
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62
Q

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Fusaric Acid

A
  • A drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-B-hydroxylase and thus blocks the production of norepinephrine
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63
Q

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Locus Coeruleus

A
  • A dark-colored group of noradreneric cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle
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64
Q

Monoamines – Serotonin

A
  • Serotonin is an indolamine neurotransmitter
  • Also called 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptamine
  • Thought to play a role in the regulation of mood, the control of eating, sleep, dreaming, and arousal
  • Also thought to be involved in the regulation of pain
  • The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor of serotonin
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65
Q

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – Fluoxetine (Prozac)

A
  • A drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT
  • Used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and some anxiety disorders
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66
Q

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – Fenfluramine (Fen-Phen)

A
  • A drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT
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67
Q

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – LSD

A
  • A drug that stimulates 5-HT2a receptors
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68
Q

Monoamines-glutamate – MDMA

A
  • A drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist, also known as “ecstasy”
  • Has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects
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69
Q

Monoamines-glutamate – Glutamate

A
  • An amino acid
  • The most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
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70
Q

Monoamines-glutamate – NMDA receptor

A
  • A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions
  • Has several other binding sites
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71
Q

Monoamines-glutamate – AMPA receptor

A
  • An ionotropic glutame receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA
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72
Q

Glutamate Ion channel

A
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73
Q

Amino Acids - The most common amino acid transmitters are:

A
  • Glutamate
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • Glycine
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74
Q

Amino acids-glutamate – Kainate receptor

A
  • An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel
  • Stimulated by kainic acid
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75
Q

Amino acids-glutamate – Metabotropic glutamate receptor

A
  • A category of metabotropic receptors sensitive to glutamate
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76
Q

Amino acids-glutamate – PCP (Phencyclidine)

A
  • A drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist of glutamate
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77
Q

Amino acids – GABA

A
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid is an amino acid
  • GABA is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord
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78
Q

NMDA receptor

79
Q

Amino acids-GABA – Benzodiazepine

A
  • A category of anxiolytic drugs
  • An indirect agonist for the GABAa receptor
  • These drugs are used for their tranquilizing effects
  • Examples of these drugs include Valium (diazepam) and Librium (Chlordiazepoxide)
80
Q

Amino acids-GABA – Anxiolytic

A
  • An anxiety-reducing effect
81
Q

GABA receptor

82
Q

Amino acids – Glycine

A
  • It appears to bbe the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord
83
Q

Amino Acids – Strychnine

A
  • A direct antagonist for the glycine receptor
  • Causes convulsions and death even in small doses
84
Q

Peptides

A
  • Neurons of the CNS release a large variety of peptides
  • A neuron manufactures both the polypeptides and the enzymes that it needs to break them apart
  • Synthesis takes place in the soma. They are delivered to the terminal buttons by axoplasmic transport
  • Most peptides appear to serve as neuromodulators, while some act as neurotransmitters
85
Q

Peptides – Endogenous Opioid

A
  • A class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates
  • Drugs that affect opioid receptors reduce pain
86
Q

Opiate

A
  • Narcotic analgesic derived from opium poppy (natural)
87
Q

Opioid

A
  • Narcotic analgesic that is at least part synthetic, not found in nature
88
Q

Enkephalin

A
  • One of the endogenous opioids
89
Q

Naloxone (Narcan)

A
  • A drug that blocks opioid receptors
  • Often used to treat heroin overdose
90
Q

Lipids-Endocannabinoid

A
  • A lipid
  • An endogenous ligand for receptors that bind with THC, the active ingredient of marijuana
91
Q

Lipids – Anandamide

A
  • The first cannabinoid to be discovered and probably the most important one
92
Q

Lipids – Rimonabant

A
  • A drug that blocks cannabinoid CB1 receptors
93
Q

Nucleosides – Adenosine

A
  • A combination of ribose and adenine
  • Released by glial cells and neurons
  • Dilates blood vessels and increases supply of cellular nutrients
94
Q

Nucleosides – Caffeine

A
  • A bitter-tasting alkaloid drug that blocks adenosine receptors
95
Q

Soluble gases – Nitric oxide (NO)

A
  • A gas produced by cells in the nervous system
  • Used as a means of communication between cells
96
Q

Soluble gases – Nitric oxide synthase

A
  • The enzyme responsible for production of nitric oxide
97
Q

Lobes of the Brain

98
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior
A

Psychopharmacology

99
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The changes a drug produces in an animal’s physiological process and behavior
A

Drug effects

100
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The locations at which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of these cells
A

Sites of Action

101
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted
A

Pharmacokinetics

102
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Injection of a substance directly into a vein
A

Intravenous Injection (IV)

103
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity-the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.
A

Intraperitoneal Injection (IP)

104
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Injection of a substance into a muscle
A

Intramuscular Injection (IM)

105
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin
A

Subcutaneous Injection (SC)

106
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a substance into the mouth, so it is swallowed
A

Oral Administration

107
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a substance by placing it beneath the tongue
A

Sublingual Administration

108
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a substance into the rectum
A

Intrarectal Administration

109
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a vaporous substance into the lungs
A

Inhalation

110
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • How the drug acts on the receptors
A

Pharmocodynamics

111
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a substance absorbed through the skin
A

Topical Administration

112
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Administration of a substance directly into the brain
A

Intracerebral Administration

113
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Plots the magnitude of the effect of a drug as a function of the amount of the drug administered
A

Drug Effectiveness Dose-response curve

114
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect in 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects in 50% of the animals
A

Drug Effectiveness Therapeutic Index

115
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The readiness with which two molecules join together
A

Drug Effectiveness Affinity

116
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
117
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly
A

Sensitization

118
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drug when the drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken
A

Withdrawal Symptom

119
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An inert substance given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug;
  • Used experimentally to control for the effects of mere administration of a drug
120
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular neurotrasmitter on the postsynaptic cell
A

Antagonist

121
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell
122
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that binds with and activates a receptor. This drug mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter
A

Direct Agonist

123
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it
  • Prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor
A

Receptor Blocker

124
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Synonym for a receptor blocker
A

Direct antagonist

125
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Binding of a drug to a site on a receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand
A

Noncompetitve Binding

126
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding of the priciple ligand
A

Indirect Antagonist

127
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor
  • Does not interfere with the binding site of the principal ligand
A

Indirect Agonist

128
Q
129
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The primary neurotransmitter secreted by the efferent axons of the CNS
  • All muscular movement is accomplished by the release of acetylcholine
  • Appears to be involved in regulating REM sleep, perceptual learning, and memory
A

Acetylcholine

130
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Precursor A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylecholine
A

Acetyl-CoA

131
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The enzyme that transfers the acetate ion from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
A

Choline Acetyltransferase (ChAT)

132
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons
A

Botulinum toxin

133
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A poison produced by the black widow spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine
A

Black Widow Spider Venom

134
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase
A

Neostigmine

135
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare
A

Nicotinic Receptor

136
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A metabotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine
A

Muscarinic Receptor

137
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
138
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and causes paralysis
139
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Dopamine (DA)
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Epinephrine
A

Monoamines - Catecholamines

140
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Serotonin (5-HT)
A

Monoamines - Indolamines

141
Q
A

Norepinephrine

142
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A class of amines that includes indolamines such as serotonin and catecholamines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
143
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines
  • Produces both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
  • Implicated roles in movement, attention, learning, reinforcing effects of abused drugs
  • Synthesized from tyrosine that we obtain from our diet
144
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The biologically active form of DOPA
  • The precursor of the catecholamines
  • Often used to treat Parkinson’s disease because of its role as a dopamine agonist
A

Monoamines-dopamine– L-DOPA

145
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia)
  • Appears to play a role in the control of movement
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Nigrostriatal System

146
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus
  • Appears to play a role in the reinforcing effects of drugs that are commonly abused
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Mesolimbic system

147
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex
  • Appears to influence formation of short-term memories, planning, and preparing strategies for problem solving
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Mesocortical System

148
Q
A

Brain Diagram

149
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty initiating movements
  • Caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system
  • Has been treated with L-DOPA
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Parkinson’s disease

150
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines.
  • Pheochromocytoma
A

Monoamines-dopamine – AMPT (Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine)

151
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles
  • Serves as a monoamine antagonist
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Reserpine

152
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine
  • Also known as Ritalin
  • Used to treat children with attention deficit disorder
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Methylphenidate

153
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines; dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

154
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B
  • Acts as a dopamine agonist
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Deprenyl (Selegiline)

155
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking dopamine D2receptors
A

Monoamines-dopamine – Chlorpromazine

156
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • One of the catecholamines
  • A neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
A

Monoamines-norepinephrine (NE) – norepinephrine

157
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • One of the catecholamines
  • A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla
  • Serves as a neurotransmitter in the brain
A

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Epinephrine

158
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Norepinephrine is synonymous with noradrenaline
  • Found in neurons of the brain and the autonomic nervous system
  • Almost every region of the brain receives input from noradrenergic neurons
  • Implicatted to play central role in vigilance or attentiveness to events in the environment
A

Monoamines-norepinephrine

159
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-B-hydroxylase and thus blocks the production of norepinephrine
A

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Fusaric Acid

160
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A dark-colored group of noradreneric cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle
A

Monoamines-norepinephrine – Locus Coeruleus

161
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Serotonin is an indolamine neurotransmitter
  • Also called 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptamine
  • Thought to play a role in the regulation of mood, the control of eating, sleep, dreaming, and arousal
  • Also thought to be involved in the regulation of pain
  • The amino acid tryptophan is the precursor of serotonin
A

Monoamines – Serotonin

162
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT
  • Used to treat depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and some anxiety disorders
A

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – Fluoxetine (Prozac)

163
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that stimulates the release of 5-HT
A

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – Fenfluramine (Fen-Phen)

164
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that stimulates 5-HT2a receptors
A

Monoamines-serotonin (5-HT) – LSD

165
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonist, also known as “ecstasy”
  • Has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects
A

Monoamines-glutamate – MDMA

166
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An amino acid
  • The most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
A

Monoamines-glutamate – Glutamate

167
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions
  • Has several other binding sites
A

Monoamines-glutamate – NMDA receptor

168
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An ionotropic glutame receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA
A

Monoamines-glutamate – AMPA receptor

169
Q
A

Glutamate Ion channel

170
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Glutamate
  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • Glycine
A

Amino Acids - The most common amino acid transmitters are:

171
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel
  • Stimulated by kainic acid
A

Amino acids-glutamate – Kainate receptor

172
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A category of metabotropic receptors sensitive to glutamate
A

Amino acids-glutamate – Metabotropic glutamate receptor

173
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist of glutamate
A

Amino acids-glutamate – PCP (Phencyclidine)

174
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid is an amino acid
  • GABA is the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord
A

Amino acids – GABA

175
Q
A

NMDA receptor

176
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A category of anxiolytic drugs
  • An indirect agonist for the GABAa receptor
  • These drugs are used for their tranquilizing effects
  • Examples of these drugs include Valium (diazepam) and Librium (Chlordiazepoxide)
A

Amino acids-GABA – Benzodiazepine

177
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An anxiety-reducing effect
A

Amino acids-GABA – Anxiolytic

178
Q
A

GABA receptor

179
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • It appears to bbe the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord
A

Amino acids – Glycine

180
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A direct antagonist for the glycine receptor
  • Causes convulsions and death even in small doses
A

Amino Acids – Strychnine

181
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Neurons of the CNS release a large variety of peptides
  • A neuron manufactures both the polypeptides and the enzymes that it needs to break them apart
  • Synthesis takes place in the soma. They are delivered to the terminal buttons by axoplasmic transport
  • Most peptides appear to serve as neuromodulators, while some act as neurotransmitters
182
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates
  • Drugs that affect opioid receptors reduce pain
A

Peptides – Endogenous Opioid

183
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Narcotic analgesic derived from opium poppy (natural)
184
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Narcotic analgesic that is at least part synthetic, not found in nature
185
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • One of the endogenous opioids
A

Enkephalin

186
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks opioid receptors
  • Often used to treat heroin overdose
A

Naloxone (Narcan)

187
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A lipid
  • An endogenous ligand for receptors that bind with THC, the active ingredient of marijuana
A

Lipids-Endocannabinoid

188
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The first cannabinoid to be discovered and probably the most important one
A

Lipids – Anandamide

189
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A drug that blocks cannabinoid CB1 receptors
A

Lipids – Rimonabant

190
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A combination of ribose and adenine
  • Released by glial cells and neurons
  • Dilates blood vessels and increases supply of cellular nutrients
A

Nucleosides – Adenosine

191
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A bitter-tasting alkaloid drug that blocks adenosine receptors
A

Nucleosides – Caffeine

192
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A gas produced by cells in the nervous system
  • Used as a means of communication between cells
A

Soluble gases – Nitric oxide (NO)

193
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The enzyme responsible for production of nitric oxide
A

Soluble gases – Nitric oxide synthase

194
Q
A

Lobes of the Brain

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

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