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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 2 Structure of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Horizontal Section

A
  • A slice through the brain parallel to the ground
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2
Q

Sagittal Section

A
  • A slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground
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3
Q

Midsagittal

A
  • The plane through the neurosis perpendicular to the ground - Divides the brain into two symmetrical halves
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4
Q

Meninges

A
  • The three layers of tissue that encase the central nervous system - The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and the pia mater
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5
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • The outermost of the meninges - Tough and flexible
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6
Q

Arachnoid Membrane

A
  • From the greek Arachne, meaning “spider” - The middle layer of the meninges, located between the dura mater and the inner pia mater
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7
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • The layer of the meninges adjacent to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate
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8
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A
  • The fluid-filled space that cushions the brain - Located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
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9
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • A clear fluid, similar to blood plasma, that fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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10
Q

Layers (surface to CNS)

A
  • Dura mater - Arachnoid Membrane - Subarachnoid Space (blood vessels & Cerebrospinal fluid CSF)) - Pia Mater - CNS Tissue
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11
Q

Ventricular System and production of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • Ventricles (little bellies) - 4 hollow spaces located inside the brain - Each ventricle produces CSF - CSF supports the weight of the brain - Help reduce shock to the CNS caused by sudden head movements - Brain contains about 125 ml of CSF - Half life of CSF is about 3 hours - All CSF is replaced every six hours by the choroid plexus
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12
Q

Development of the CNS

A
  • CNS development begins 18 days after conception - Neural tube develops by twenty-first day to give rise to the brain and spinal cord - Neural tube closes at day 28 & forms the ventricles, forebrain, midbrain, & hindbrain
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13
Q

Asymmetrical division

A
  • Division of a founder cell that gives rise to another founder cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone towards its final resting place in the brain
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14
Q

Apoptosis (literally, a “falling away”)

A
  • Death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell
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15
Q

Forebrain

A
  • The most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon
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16
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A
  • One of the two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex
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17
Q

Subcortical region

A
  • The region located within the brain, beneath the critical surface - Contains the limbic system and the basal ganglia
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18
Q

Sulcus

A
  • A groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure
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19
Q

Fissure

A
  • A major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus
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20
Q

Gyrus

A
  • A convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulk or fissures
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21
Q

Primary visual cortex

A
  • The region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system
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22
Q

Calcarine fissure

A
  • A fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks
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23
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A
  • The region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system
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24
Q

Lateral fissure

A
  • The fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes
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25
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • The region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system
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26
Q

Central sulcus

A
  • The sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
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27
Q

Primary motor cortex

A
  • The region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscle - The connections of this region are contralateral - The left primary motor cortex controls the right side of the body and vice versa
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28
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • The anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe. This includes everything in front of the central sulcus
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29
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe
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30
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • The region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes
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31
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes. This is located posterior to the central sulcus
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32
Q

Sensory Association Cortex

A
  • Those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from regions of the primary sensory cortex. Perception takes place here and memories are stored here
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33
Q

Motor Association Cortex (Premotor Cortex)

A
  • The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary cortex; also known as the premotor cortex. Controls overall motor behavior
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34
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex. This region is involved in formulating plans and strategies
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35
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • A large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain
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36
Q

Neocortex

A
  • The phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex
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37
Q

Limbic Cortex

A
  • Phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system
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38
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A
  • A strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum
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39
Q

Limbic system

A
  • A group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles
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40
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, and subiculum
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41
Q

Amygdala

A
  • A structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei
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42
Q

Fornix

A
  • A fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
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43
Q

Mammillary bodies

A
  • A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei - Serve as relay stations in reflexes related to the sense of smell
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44
Q

Basal ganglia

A
  • Part of the telencephalon, including the caudate nucleus, the globes plaids, and the putamen - Parkinson’s disease is caused by degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen - Parkinson’s disease includes weakness, tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance and difficulty initiating movements
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45
Q

Thalamus ( Greek thalamus, “inner chamber”)

A
  • The largest portion of the diencephalon, located above the hypothalamus; contains nuclei that project information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it.
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46
Q

Projection fiber

A
  • An axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another region
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47
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • A group of nuclei in the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus - Controls the autonomic nervous system - Controls the anterior and posterior pituitary glands - Organizes behavior such as fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating
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48
Q

Hypothalamus- Optic chiasm

A
  • A connection between the optic nerves where half of the fibers of the optic nerve cross to the contralateral side
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49
Q

Hypothalamus- Anterior pituitary gland

A
  • The “master gland” - The anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones
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50
Q

Hypothalamus- Neurosecretory cell

A
  • A neuron that secretes a hormone or hormone-like substance
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51
Q

Hypothalamus - Posterior pituitary gland

A
  • The posterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus
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52
Q

Hindbrain-metencephalon Hindbrain

A
  • The most caudal part of the brain; includes the mesencephalon and myelencephalon
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53
Q

Hindbrain-metencephalon Cerebellum (little brain)

A
  • A major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing the two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex; important component of the motor system
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54
Q

Hindbrain-metencephalon Cerebellar peduncle

A
  • One of three bundles of axons that attach each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons
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55
Q

Hindbrain-metencephalon Pons (‘bridge’)

A
  • The region of the metencephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum; appears to be important in sleep and arousal
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56
Q

Hindbrain-metencephalon Medulla oblongata

A
  • The most caudal portion of the brain, located in the mylencephalon, immediately rostral to the spinal cord - Includes nuclei that control vital functions such as the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tone.
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57
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • The cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla
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58
Q

Spinal root

A
  • A bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occur in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve
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59
Q

Spinal Cord Dorsal Root

A
  • The spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers
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60
Q

Spinal Cord Ventral root

A
  • The spinal root that contains the outgoing (efferent) motor fibers
61
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • A peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord
62
Q

Spinal Nerves Afferent axon

A
  • An axon directed toward the CNS, conveying sensory information
63
Q

Spinal Nerves Dorsal root ganglion

A
  • A nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons
64
Q

Spinal Nerves Efferent Axon

A
  • An axon directed away from the CNS, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands
65
Q

Cranial Nerves

A
  • Twelve pairs of peripheral nerves attached directly to the brain that serve sensory & motor functions of the head, neck, and shoulders
66
Q

Cranial Nerves Vagus Nerve ( “wandering”)

A
  • The largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
67
Q

ANS Somatic nervous system

A
  • The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the CNS
68
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A
  • The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions
69
Q

ANS Sympathetic division

A
  • The portion of the ANS that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy
70
Q

ANS Sympathetic ganglia

A
  • Nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
71
Q

ANS - Sympathetic Preganglionic neuron

A
  • The efferent neuron of the ANS whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in the ANS
72
Q

ANS - Sympathetic Postganglionic neuron

A
  • Neurons of the ANS that form synapses directly with their target organ
73
Q

ANS - Sympathetic Adrenal medulla

A
  • The inner portion of the adrenal gland, located atop the kidney, controlled by sympathetic nerve fibers; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
74
Q

ANS Parasympathetic Division

A
  • The portion of the ANS that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state. - Supports activities involved with increases in the body’s supply of stored energy including salivation, gastric and intestinal motility, secretion of digestive juices, and increased blood flow to the gastrointestinal system
75
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A slice through the brain parallel to the ground
A

Horizontal Section

76
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground
A

Sagittal Section

77
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The plane through the neurosis perpendicular to the ground - Divides the brain into two symmetrical halves
A

Midsagittal

78
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The three layers of tissue that encase the central nervous system - The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and the pia mater
79
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The outermost of the meninges - Tough and flexible
A

Dura Mater

80
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • From the greek Arachne, meaning “spider” - The middle layer of the meninges, located between the dura mater and the inner pia mater
A

Arachnoid Membrane

81
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The layer of the meninges adjacent to the surface of the brain; thin and delicate
82
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The fluid-filled space that cushions the brain - Located between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
A

Subarachnoid Space

83
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A clear fluid, similar to blood plasma, that fills the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord
A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

84
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Dura mater - Arachnoid Membrane - Subarachnoid Space (blood vessels & Cerebrospinal fluid CSF)) - Pia Mater - CNS Tissue
A

Layers (surface to CNS)

85
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Ventricles (little bellies) - 4 hollow spaces located inside the brain - Each ventricle produces CSF - CSF supports the weight of the brain - Help reduce shock to the CNS caused by sudden head movements - Brain contains about 125 ml of CSF - Half life of CSF is about 3 hours - All CSF is replaced every six hours by the choroid plexus
A

Ventricular System and production of cerebrospinal fluid

86
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • CNS development begins 18 days after conception - Neural tube develops by twenty-first day to give rise to the brain and spinal cord - Neural tube closes at day 28 & forms the ventricles, forebrain, midbrain, & hindbrain
A

Development of the CNS

87
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Division of a founder cell that gives rise to another founder cell and a neuron, which migrates away from the ventricular zone towards its final resting place in the brain
A

Asymmetrical division

88
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Death of a cell caused by a chemical signal that activates a genetic mechanism inside the cell
A

Apoptosis (literally, a “falling away”)

89
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The most rostral of the three major divisions of the brain; includes the telencephalon and diencephalon
90
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • One of the two major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex
A

Cerebral hemisphere

91
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region located within the brain, beneath the critical surface - Contains the limbic system and the basal ganglia
A

Subcortical region

92
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A groove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than a fissure
93
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A major groove in the surface of the brain, larger than a sulcus
94
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulk or fissures
95
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system
A

Primary visual cortex

96
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A fissure located in the occipital lobe on the medial surface of the brain; most of the primary visual cortex is located along its upper and lower banks
A

Calcarine fissure

97
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region of the superior temporal lobe whose primary input is from the auditory system
A

Primary auditory cortex

98
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the overlying frontal and parietal lobes
A

Lateral fissure

99
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system
A

Primary somatosensory cortex

100
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
A

Central sulcus

101
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region of the posterior frontal lobe that contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscle - The connections of this region are contralateral - The left primary motor cortex controls the right side of the body and vice versa
A

Primary motor cortex

102
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, rostral to the parietal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe. This includes everything in front of the central sulcus
A

Frontal Lobe

103
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the frontal lobe and dorsal to the temporal lobe
A

Parietal lobe

104
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region of the cerebral cortex rostral to the occipital lobe and ventral to the parietal and frontal lobes
A

Temporal Lobe

105
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region of the cerebral cortex caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes. This is located posterior to the central sulcus
A

Occipital lobe

106
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Those regions of the cerebral cortex that receive information from regions of the primary sensory cortex. Perception takes place here and memories are stored here
A

Sensory Association Cortex

107
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the primary cortex; also known as the premotor cortex. Controls overall motor behavior
A

Motor Association Cortex (Premotor Cortex)

108
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region of the frontal lobe rostral to the motor association cortex. This region is involved in formulating plans and strategies
A

Prefrontal Cortex

109
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain
A

Corpus Callosum

110
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The phylogenetically newest cortex, including the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex
111
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Phylogenetically old cortex, located at the medial edge of the cerebral hemispheres; part of the limbic system
A

Limbic Cortex

112
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A strip of limbic cortex lying along the lateral walls of the groove separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum
A

Cingulate gyrus

113
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A group of brain regions including the anterior thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, limbic cortex, and parts of the hypothalamus, as well as their interconnecting fiber bundles
A

Limbic system

114
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A forebrain structure of the temporal lobe, constituting an important part of the limbic system; includes the hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, and subiculum
A

Hippocampus

115
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei
116
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus
117
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei - Serve as relay stations in reflexes related to the sense of smell
A

Mammillary bodies

118
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Part of the telencephalon, including the caudate nucleus, the globes plaids, and the putamen - Parkinson’s disease is caused by degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen - Parkinson’s disease includes weakness, tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance and difficulty initiating movements
A

Basal ganglia

119
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The largest portion of the diencephalon, located above the hypothalamus; contains nuclei that project information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receive information from it.
A

Thalamus ( Greek thalamus, “inner chamber”)

120
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An axon of a neuron in one region of the brain whose terminals form synapses with neurons in another region
A

Projection fiber

121
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A group of nuclei in the diencephalon situated beneath the thalamus - Controls the autonomic nervous system - Controls the anterior and posterior pituitary glands - Organizes behavior such as fighting, feeding, fleeing, and mating
A

Hypothalamus

122
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A connection between the optic nerves where half of the fibers of the optic nerve cross to the contralateral side
A

Hypothalamus- Optic chiasm

123
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The “master gland” - The anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones
A

Hypothalamus- Anterior pituitary gland

124
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A neuron that secretes a hormone or hormone-like substance
A

Hypothalamus- Neurosecretory cell

125
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The posterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland that contains hormone-secreting terminal buttons of axons whose cell bodies lie within the hypothalamus
A

Hypothalamus - Posterior pituitary gland

126
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The most caudal part of the brain; includes the mesencephalon and myelencephalon
A

Hindbrain-metencephalon Hindbrain

127
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A major part of the brain located dorsal to the pons, containing the two cerebellar hemispheres, covered with the cerebellar cortex; important component of the motor system
A

Hindbrain-metencephalon Cerebellum (little brain)

128
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • One of three bundles of axons that attach each cerebellar hemisphere to the dorsal pons
A

Hindbrain-metencephalon Cerebellar peduncle

129
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The region of the metencephalon rostral to the medulla, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum; appears to be important in sleep and arousal
A

Hindbrain-metencephalon Pons (‘bridge’)

130
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The most caudal portion of the brain, located in the mylencephalon, immediately rostral to the spinal cord - Includes nuclei that control vital functions such as the cardiovascular system, respiration, and skeletal muscle tone.
A

Hindbrain-metencephalon Medulla oblongata

131
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla
A

Spinal Cord

132
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A bundle of axons surrounded by connective tissue that occur in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve
A

Spinal root

133
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The spinal root that contains incoming (afferent) sensory fibers
A

Spinal Cord Dorsal Root

134
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The spinal root that contains the outgoing (efferent) motor fibers
A

Spinal Cord Ventral root

135
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A peripheral nerve attached to the spinal cord
A

Spinal Nerves

136
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An axon directed toward the CNS, conveying sensory information
A

Spinal Nerves Afferent axon

137
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of afferent spinal nerve neurons
A

Spinal Nerves Dorsal root ganglion

138
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An axon directed away from the CNS, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands
A

Spinal Nerves Efferent Axon

139
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Twelve pairs of peripheral nerves attached directly to the brain that serve sensory & motor functions of the head, neck, and shoulders
A

Cranial Nerves

140
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The largest of the cranial nerves, conveying efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
A

Cranial Nerves Vagus Nerve ( “wandering”)

141
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of skeletal muscles or transmits somatosensory information to the CNS
A

ANS Somatic nervous system

142
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The portion of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s vegetative functions
A

Autonomic nervous system

143
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The portion of the ANS that controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy
A

ANS Sympathetic division

144
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Nodules that contain synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
A

ANS Sympathetic ganglia

145
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The efferent neuron of the ANS whose cell body is located in a cranial nerve nucleus or in the intermediate horn of the spinal gray matter and whose terminal buttons synapse upon postganglionic neurons in the ANS
A

ANS - Sympathetic Preganglionic neuron

146
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Neurons of the ANS that form synapses directly with their target organ
A

ANS - Sympathetic Postganglionic neuron

147
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The inner portion of the adrenal gland, located atop the kidney, controlled by sympathetic nerve fibers; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
A

ANS - Sympathetic Adrenal medulla

148
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The portion of the ANS that controls functions that occur during a relaxed state. - Supports activities involved with increases in the body’s supply of stored energy including salivation, gastric and intestinal motility, secretion of digestive juices, and increased blood flow to the gastrointestinal system
A

ANS Parasympathetic Division

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

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