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Psychopharmacology > Lecture 1 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A
  • Conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons - The action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next
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2
Q

Postsynaptic potentials

A
  • Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron, produced by the liberation of a neurotransmitter at the synapse
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3
Q

Binding Site

A
  • The location on a receptor protein to which a ligand binds
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4
Q

Ligand (AKA Neurotransmitter)

A
  • A chemical that binds with the binding site of a receptor
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5
Q

Dendritic Spine

A
  • A small bud on the surface of a dendrite, with which a terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse
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6
Q

Presynaptic Membrane

A
  • The membrane of a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released
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7
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A
  • The membrane located on the dendrite of the neuron that receives the information
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8
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A
  • The space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane that is about 20nm wide
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9
Q

Synaptic Vesicle

A
  • A small, hollow, beadlike structure found in the terminal buttons - Contains molecules of a neurotransmitter
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10
Q

Release Zone

A
  • A region of the interior of the presynaptic membrane of a synapse to which synaptic vesicles attach and release their neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
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11
Q

Activation of receptors POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTOR

A
  • A receptor molecule in the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter
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12
Q

Activation of receptors NEUROTRANSMITTER-DEPENDENT ION CHANNEL

A
  • An Ion channel that opens when a molecule of a neurotransmitter binds with a postsynaptic receptor
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13
Q

Activation of receptors IONOTROPIC RECEPTOR

A
  • A receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
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14
Q

Activation of receptors METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR

A
  • A receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter - Activates an enzyme that begins a series of events, opening an Ion channel elsewhere in the membrane of the cell when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
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15
Q

Postsynaptic Potentials EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (EPSP)

A
  • An excitatory depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
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16
Q

Postsynaptic Potentials INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (IPSP)

A
  • An inhibitory hyper polarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
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17
Q

Termination of postsynaptic potentials REUPTAKE

A
  • The reentry of a neurotransmitter just liberated by a terminal button back through its membrane, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential
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18
Q

Termination of postsynaptic potentials ENZYMATIC DEACTIVATION

A
  • The destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release, for example, the destruction of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase
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19
Q

Termination of postsynaptic potentials ACETYLCHOLINE (Ach)

A
  • A neurotransmitter found in the brain, spinal cord, and parts of the peripheral nervous system - Responsible for muscular contraction - Active in memory, attention, and muscle control
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20
Q

Termination of postsynaptic potentials ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (AChE)

A
  • The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine soon after it is liberated by the terminal buttons, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential
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21
Q

Effect of Postsynaptic potential

A
  • Neural Integration
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22
Q

Neural Integration

A
  • The process by which inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron
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23
Q

Autoreceptor

A
  • A receptor molecule located on a neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
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24
Q

Heteroreceptor

A
  • The receptor on the receiving neuron
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25
Q

Autoreceptors have a variety of functions

A
  • Regulate the internal processes of the cell - Regulate synthesis of the neurotransmitter - Regulate the release of a neurotransmitter - Generally serve to inhibit the activity of a transmitter
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26
Q

Axoaxonic Synapses PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION

A
  • The action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse - Reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button
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27
Q

Axoaxonic Synapses PRESYNAPTIC FACILITATION

A
  • The action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse - Increases the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button
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28
Q

Non-synaptic Chemical Communication NEUROMODULATORS

A
  • A naturally secreted substance that acts like a neurotransmitter except that it is nor restricted to the synaptic cleft but diffuses through the extracellular fluid
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29
Q

Non-synaptic Chemical Communication PEPTIDE

A
  • A chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Most neuromodulators, and some hormones, consist of peptide molecules
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30
Q

Non-synaptic Chemical Communication HORMONE

A
  • A chemical substance that is released by an endocrine gland and that has effects on target cells in other organs
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31
Q

Non-synaptic Chemical Communication ENDOCRINE GLAND

A
  • A gland that liberates its secretions into the extracellular fluid around capillaries and hence into the bloodstream
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32
Q

drug class mantra

A
  • There are classes of drugs and the classes are determined by the mechanism of action
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33
Q

Six primary neurotransmitters

A
  • Gaba - Norepinephrine - glutamate - Dopamine - Seritonin - Acetylcholine
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34
Q

Acetylcholine is broken down by?

A
  • Acetylcholinesterase
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35
Q

Four most common electrolytes

A
  • Sodium + - Potasium + - Chloride - CO2
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36
Q

If it ends in “ase” its most likely a?

A
  • Enzyme
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37
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Comprised of the Brain and Spinal Cord - Encased WITHIN the Skull and Spinal column
A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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38
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Comprised of Nerve tissue located OUTSIDE of the brain and Spinal cord
A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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39
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Detects changes in the external OR internal environment and sends information about these changes to the CNS
A

Sensory Neuron

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40
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Located WITHIN the CNS that controls the contraction of a muscle or the secretion of a gland
A

Motor Neuron

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41
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Located ENTIRELY WITHIN the CNS
A

Interneuron

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42
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus
A

Neuron Basic Structure SOMA or Cell Body

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43
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A branched treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron - Receives info from the terminal button of other neurons
A

Neuron Basic Structure DENDRITE

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44
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The long thin cylindrical structure that conveys info from the soma of a neuron to its terminal button
A

Neuron Basic Structure AXON

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45
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron
A

Neuron Basic Structure SYNAPSE

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46
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A neuron with one axon and many dendrites attached to its soma
A

Multipolar Neurons

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47
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A Neuron with one axon and one dendrite attached to its soma
A

Bipolar Neurons

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48
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A neuron with one axon attached to its soma - The axon divides, one branch receiving sensory info and the other sending the info into the CNS
A

Unipolar Neurons

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49
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The bud at the end of a branch of an axon - Forms synapses with another neuron and sends info to that neuron
A

Neuron Basic Structure TERMINAL BUTTON

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50
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A chemical that is released by a terminal button - Has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron
A

Neuron Basic Structure NEUROTRANSMITTER

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51
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cell and also constitutes many of the cell organelles
A

Internal Structure MEMBRANE

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52
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The viscous, dimi-liquid substance contained in the interior of a cell
A

Internal Structure CYTOPLASM

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53
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An organelle that is responsible for extracting energy from nutrients
A

Internal Structure MITOCHONDRIA

54
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A molecule of prime importance to cellular energy metabolism - Its breakdown liberates energy
A

Internal Structure ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

55
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A structure in the central region of a cell, containing the nucleolus and chromosomes
A

Internal Structure NECLEUS

56
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A strand of DNA, with associated proteins, found in the nucleus and carries genetic info
A

Internal Structure CHROMOSOME

57
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A long complex macromolecule consisting of two interconnected helical strands, along with associated proteins, strands of DNA constitute the chromosomes
A

Internal Structure DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

58
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The functional unit of the chromosome, which directs synthesis of one or more proteins
A

Internal Structure GENE

59
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Formed of microtubules and other protein fibers, linked to each other and forming a cohesive mass that gives a cell its shape
A

Internal Structure CYTOSKELETON

60
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A Molecule that controls a chemical reaction, combining two substances or breaking a substance into two parts
A

Internal Structure ENZYME

61
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A long strand of bundles of protein filaments arranged around a hollow core - A part of the cytoskeleton and involved in transporting substances from place to place within the cell
A

Internal Structure MICROTUBULE

62
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An active process by which substances are propelled along microtubules that run the length of the axon
A

Internal Structure AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT

63
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Also known as neuroglia or “neural glue” The supporting cells of the CNS
A

Supporting Cells GLIAL CELLS

64
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A glial cell that provides support to neurons of the CNS - Provides nutrients and other substances - Regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid
A

Supporting Cells ASTROCYTE or “STAR CELL”

65
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration
A

Phagocytosis

66
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A type of glial cell in the CNS that forms myelin sheaths
A

Oligodendrocyte

67
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A sheath that surrounds axons and insulates them, preventing messages from spreading between adjacent axons
A

Myelin Sheath

68
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A naked portion of a myelinated axon, between adjacent oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells
A

Node of Ranvier

69
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The smallest glial cells - act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms
A

Microglia

70
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A cell in the PNS that is wrapped around a myelinated axon, providing one segment of its myelin sheath
A

Schwann Cell

71
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Paul ehrlich injected blue dye into the bloodstream of animals and found dye everywhere except in the brain and spinal cord - Regulates the chemicals that can enter the CNS from the blood - Helps the CNS maintain the proper composition of fluids inside and outside the neurons
A

Features of the Blood-Brain Barrier BBB

72
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A semipermeable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by cells in the walls of the brain’s capillaries
A

Blood-brain barrier

73
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A region of the medulla where the blood-brain barrier is weak - Poisons can be detected there and can initiate vomiting
A

Area Postrema

74
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A conductive medium that can be used to apply electrical stimulation and record electrical potentials
A

Electrode

75
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A very fine electrode, generally used to record activity of individual neurons
A

Microelectrode

76
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell
A

Membrane Potential

77
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A laboratory instrument that is capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube
A

Oscilloscope

78
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Resting Membrane potential - Action potential
A

Axons have two basic electrical potentials

79
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Depolarization - Hyperpolarization - Threshold of Excitation
A

The Membrane Potential can change

80
Q

Reversed Prompt

-The resting potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; approximately -70mV in the giant squid axon

A

Resting Membrane Potential

81
Q

Reversed Prompt

-Reduction (toward zero) of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential

A

Depolarization

82
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potential
A

Hyperpolarization

83
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon
A

Action Potential

84
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produced an action potential
A

Threshold of Excitation

85
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to regions of low concentration
A

The force of Diffusion DIFFUSION

86
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An aqueous solution of a material that ionizes a soluble acid, base, or salt
A

The force of Electrostatic Pressure ELECTROLYTE

87
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A charged molecule - Cations are positively charged - Anions are negatively charged
A

The force of Electrostatic Pressure ION

88
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or - The repulsive force between two atomic particles charged with the same sign
A

Electrostatic Pressure

89
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Sodium (+) - Potasium (+) - Chloride (-) - CO2 (-)
A

Most common Electrolytes and their charge

90
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The fluid contained within cells
A

Intracellular Fluid

91
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Body fluids located outside cells
A

Extracellular Fluid

92
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A protein found in the membrane of all cells that extrudes sodium ions
A

Sodium-Potassium Transporter

93
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A specialized protein molecule that permits specific ions to enter or leave the cell
A

Ion Channel

94
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An ion channel that opens or closes according to the value of the membrane potential
A

Voltage-dependent Ion Channel

95
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The principle that once an action potential is triggered in an axon, it is propagated without decrement to the end of the fiber
A

All-or-none Law

96
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The principle that variations in the intensity of a stimulus or other information being transmitted in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which that axon fires
A

Rate Law

97
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Conduction of action potentials by myelinated axons - The action potential appears to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next
A

Saltatory Conduction

98
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron, produced by the liberation of a neurotransmitter at the synapse
A

Postsynaptic potentials

99
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The location on a receptor protein to which a ligand binds
A

Binding Site

100
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A chemical that binds with the binding site of a receptor
A

Ligand (AKA Neurotransmitter)

101
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A small bud on the surface of a dendrite, with which a terminal button of another neuron forms a synapse
A

Dendritic Spine

102
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The membrane of a terminal button that lies adjacent to the postsynaptic membrane and through which the neurotransmitter is released
A

Presynaptic Membrane

103
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The membrane located on the dendrite of the neuron that receives the information
A

Postsynaptic membrane

104
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane that is about 20nm wide
A

Synaptic Cleft

105
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A small, hollow, beadlike structure found in the terminal buttons - Contains molecules of a neurotransmitter
A

Synaptic Vesicle

106
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A region of the interior of the presynaptic membrane of a synapse to which synaptic vesicles attach and release their neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
A

Release Zone

107
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A receptor molecule in the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter
A

Activation of receptors POSTSYNAPTIC RECEPTOR

108
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An Ion channel that opens when a molecule of a neurotransmitter binds with a postsynaptic receptor
A

Activation of receptors NEUROTRANSMITTER-DEPENDENT ION CHANNEL

109
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter and an ion channel that opens when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
A

Activation of receptors IONOTROPIC RECEPTOR

110
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A receptor that contains a binding site for a neurotransmitter - Activates an enzyme that begins a series of events, opening an Ion channel elsewhere in the membrane of the cell when a molecule of the neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site
A

Activation of receptors METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR

111
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An excitatory depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
A

Postsynaptic Potentials EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (EPSP)

112
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • An inhibitory hyper polarization of the postsynaptic membrane of a synapse caused by the liberation of a neurotransmitter by the terminal button
A

Postsynaptic Potentials INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (IPSP)

113
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The reentry of a neurotransmitter just liberated by a terminal button back through its membrane, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential
A

Termination of postsynaptic potentials REUPTAKE

114
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release, for example, the destruction of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase
A

Termination of postsynaptic potentials ENZYMATIC DEACTIVATION

115
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A neurotransmitter found in the brain, spinal cord, and parts of the peripheral nervous system - Responsible for muscular contraction - Active in memory, attention, and muscle control
A

Termination of postsynaptic potentials ACETYLCHOLINE (Ach)

116
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The enzyme that destroys acetylcholine soon after it is liberated by the terminal buttons, thus terminating the postsynaptic potential
A

Termination of postsynaptic potentials ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE (AChE)

117
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Neural Integration
A

Effect of Postsynaptic potential

118
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The process by which inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials summate and control the rate of firing of a neuron
A

Neural Integration

119
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A receptor molecule located on a neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron
A

Autoreceptor

120
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The receptor on the receiving neuron
A

Heteroreceptor

121
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Regulate the internal processes of the cell - Regulate synthesis of the neurotransmitter - Regulate the release of a neurotransmitter - Generally serve to inhibit the activity of a transmitter
A

Autoreceptors have a variety of functions

122
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse - Reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button
A

Axoaxonic Synapses PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION

123
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • The action of a presynaptic terminal button in an axoaxonic synapse - Increases the amount of neurotransmitter released by the postsynaptic terminal button
A

Axoaxonic Synapses PRESYNAPTIC FACILITATION

124
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A naturally secreted substance that acts like a neurotransmitter except that it is nor restricted to the synaptic cleft but diffuses through the extracellular fluid
A

Non-synaptic Chemical Communication NEUROMODULATORS

125
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A chain of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. Most neuromodulators, and some hormones, consist of peptide molecules
A

Non-synaptic Chemical Communication PEPTIDE

126
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A chemical substance that is released by an endocrine gland and that has effects on target cells in other organs
A

Non-synaptic Chemical Communication HORMONE

127
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • A gland that liberates its secretions into the extracellular fluid around capillaries and hence into the bloodstream
A

Non-synaptic Chemical Communication ENDOCRINE GLAND

128
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • There are classes of drugs and the classes are determined by the mechanism of action
A

drug class mantra

129
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Gaba - Norepinephrine - glutamate - Dopamine - Seritonin - Acetylcholine
A

Six primary neurotransmitters

130
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Acetylcholinesterase
A

Acetylcholine is broken down by?

131
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Sodium + - Potasium + - Chloride - CO2
A

Four most common electrolytes

132
Q

Reversed Prompt

  • Enzyme
A

If it ends in “ase” its most likely a?

Psychopharmacology (4 decks)

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