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A&P II > Lecture 3 PPT > Flashcards

Lecture 3 PPT Flashcards

1
Q

Preload is a pressure measured at the end of which phase?

A

End of phase 1

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2
Q

Afterload is a pressure meadured at the end of which phase?

A

End of phase 2, beginning of phase 3

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3
Q

Define contractility

A

The difference in SV if preload and afterload were held constant

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4
Q

What happens to EDV/ SV/ SVR/ CO when preload increases?

A

They all increase

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5
Q

If afterload is increased, which phase is prolonged?

A

Phase 2 is prolonged

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6
Q

If afterload is decreased, which phase is shortened? Which is prolonged?

A

Phase 2 is shortened
Phase 3 is prolonged

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7
Q

How is SV increased when afterload is decreased? What meds do this?

A

ESV is decreased (more blood pumped out with each beat)
ACE inhibitors, hydralazine

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of action of hydralazine?

A

The mechanism of action is still unknown

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9
Q

What 2 variables cause decreased ESV?

A

Increased contractility and decreased SVR

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10
Q

What happens to BP when contractility increases?

A

BP increases

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11
Q

What happens with LAP with mitral regurgitation?

A

LAP steadily increases beyond normal throughout systole

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12
Q

In mitral regurgitation, what 2 structures fill the LA during systole?

A

LV and Pulmonary veins

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13
Q

What happens to EDV and SV with mitral stenosis?

A

Both are decreased

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14
Q

When does the majority of backflow occur with aortic regurgitation?

A

End of phase 4 and beginning of phase 1 (when ventricular pressure is lowest and aortic pressure is highest)

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15
Q

With aortic insufficiency, as the ventricle fills during phase 1, does back flow increase or decrease?

A

Back flow decreases the fuller the ventricle gets (less of a gradient)

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16
Q

What happens to EDV with aortic regurgitation?

A

Increases

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17
Q

What happens to pulse pressure with aortic regurgitation?

A

Widens

18
Q

When is pulse pressure narrowed?

A

Aortic Stenosis

19
Q

What is the most common valvular disorder?

A

Aortic Stenosis

20
Q

What happens to EDV, ESV and SV with aortic stenosis?

A

EDV and ESV are increased, SV is decreased

21
Q

Why does EDV increase with aortic stenosis?

A

The body is compensating for low CO by increasing blood volume

22
Q

Name the layers of the pericardium from outside to in

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium, parietal
Serous pericardium, visceral

23
Q

What is the most important electrolyte to move impulses through gap junctions in the heart?

A

Sodium

24
Q

How many cusps does the left AVV have?

A

2 (bicuspid)

25
Q

Which valves have 3 cusps?

A

Aortic, pulmonic, and tricuspid

26
Q

What structures anchor the cusps of the valves?

A

Chordae tendineae attach to the papillary muscles that are connected to the ventricular walls

27
Q

What is a normal EF?

A

70/120–> 58.3%

28
Q

Where are the coronary arteries (roots) embedded?

A

Just above the left and right aortic valve cusps

29
Q

How does the atria communicate electrically with the ventricles?

A

Bundle of His- runs through a small opening in the center of the cartilaginous ring

30
Q

What is the condition called that has abnormal communication of atria and ventricles allowing for electricity to travel across?

A

Bundles of Kent

31
Q

What are the 2 main arteries the LCA splits into?

A

Left anterior descending (LAD)
Circumflex

32
Q

What cardiac vessels carry deoxygenated blood back to the RA?

A

Great Cardiac Vein
Coronary Sinus

33
Q

What is the normal coronary requirement for blood per minute?

A

70mL per 100g or 225mL/min

34
Q

When do coronaries fill?

A

During diastole

35
Q

What area of the heart is most at risk for lowered blood flow due to increase in wall pressure?

A

LV

36
Q

What makes up delta P for coronaries?

A

Aortic pressure- wall pressure

37
Q

Other than delta P, what factor affects coronary filling?

A

Time in diastole

38
Q

What is the X decent, when does it occur?

A

AVV returning back to their position after bulging back with the closure of AVV

Occurs after the C wave

39
Q

What is the Y decent, when does it occur?

A

pressure that has built up behind the atria being released when the mitral valve opens

Occurs after the V wave

40
Q

What is the A wave? When does it occur?

A

Atrial contraction

Occurs during the last 1/3 of phase 1 filling

41
Q
A

A&P II (4 decks)

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