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A&P II > Lecture 1 pt 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors that affect Reynolds Number?

A

[Velocity x Diameter x Density] / Viscosity

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2
Q

Whats the difference between viscosity and density?

A

Density is a measure of mass per volume, viscosity is thickness

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3
Q

Definite turbulent flow will occur when Re >

A

2000 (no units)

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4
Q

What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

Phase 1- Diastole/ period of filling
Phase 2- Ventricle begins to contract, volume is neither entering nor exiting ventricle
Phase 3- Period of Ejection
Phase 4- LV begins to relax

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5
Q

Which valve is open during phase 1?

A

Mitral Valve

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6
Q

When are both AV and MV closed?

A

Phase 2 & 4

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7
Q

What/ when is Isovolumetric Contraction?

A

No changes are happening in ventricular volume, giving a sharp (90 degree slope) increase in ventricular pressure

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8
Q

What can alter the slope of isovolumetric contraction?

A

Valvular disease

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9
Q

What causes the MV to close in phase 2?

A

LV pressures rise higher than LA pressures

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10
Q

What happens to the ventricular volume in phase 3?

A

Decreases

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11
Q

What is the difference between the volume in phase 2 and the volume at the end of phase 3?

A

Stroke volume
(normal is 70= 120-50)

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12
Q

What is the formula for CO?

A

SV x HR

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13
Q

What is EDV- ESV?

A

Stroke Volume

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14
Q

What is a normal end systolic volume?

A

50mL

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15
Q

What is a normal end diastolic volume?

A

120mL

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16
Q

What valve is open during phase 3?

A

Aortic Valve

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17
Q

What phase does atrial contraction occur in?

A

Phase 1

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18
Q

How much volume does atrial contraction contribute to LV volume in a normal heart?

A

10mL

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19
Q

What can slow/ impede phase 1?

A

Hemorrhage, Mitral stenosis

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20
Q

What valve is closed during phase 1?

A

Aortic Valve

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21
Q

What causes the aortic valve to close in phase 4?

A

Pressure in the aorta rise above the pressure in LV

22
Q

What is Isovolumetric Relaxation?

A

Walls of the LV begin to relax in phase 4

23
Q

When is the end of phase 4?

A

When the MV opens

24
Q

What causes the MV to open?

A

LA pressure exceed the LV pressures

25
Q

What BP does the AV open?

A

Around DBP

26
Q

What causes the cardiac valves to open or close?

A

Changes in pressures

27
Q

What does the a wave correlate with?

A

Atrial contraction

28
Q

When does the majority of ventricular filling occur?

A

First 1/3 of phase 1

29
Q

When does ventricular pressure exceed aortic pressure?

A

Peak of phase 3 (systole)

30
Q

What is the S1 sound?

A

Mitral valve closure

31
Q

What is the S2 sound?

A

Aortic valve closure

32
Q

What valve regulates ventricular input?

A

Mitral

33
Q

What valve regulates ventricular output?

A

Aortic

34
Q

What is a normal mean systemic filling pressure?

A

7 mmHg

35
Q

What is RVR?

A

Resistance to venous return, or how difficult it is for blood to get back to the heart

36
Q

What are the 2 main effectors of systemic filling pressures?

A

Venous tone
Blood Volume

37
Q

How will high PEEP affect venous return?

A

Decrease

38
Q

What are the 3 main ways the heart itself augments cardiac output?

A

Frank Starling law- better cross bridge cycling
Direct atrial stretch- increases HR when SA node is stretched
Bain bridge reflex- increase HR via nerves to the brain when RA stretch is sensed

39
Q

If the venous return curve position is increased what is happening with Psf, RAP and venous return? (assuming heart function remains the same)

A

Psf and venous return are increased, RAP remains normal

40
Q

What has the largest impact to increase systemic filling pressure?

A

Contraction of systemic veins

41
Q

What does increase in RVR do to the venous return curve?

A

Decrease venous return–> downward shift of Y axis, X axis remains the same

42
Q

How does an increase in intrathoracic pressure affect the venous return curve?

A

Decreases position (shift down of blue line representing lower venous return)

43
Q

If a patient is on high PEEP settings, how can the lowered venous return be overcome?

A

Increase Psf (pressers/ catecholamines to squeeze veins)
Increase Volume (bolus/ kidney retaining fluid)

44
Q

From a cardiac perspective, what does an increase in RAP do to CO?

A

Increases (until plateau)

45
Q

From a venous return perspective, what does increased RAP do to CO?

A

Decreases

46
Q

What is direct atrial stretch?

A

Independent property of the SA node that increases the HR/ contractility when RA is stretched as the heart’s attempt to increase CO

47
Q

How much can direct atrial stretch increase HR?

A

10-15%

48
Q

What is the Bain Bridge Reflex?

A

Reflex that increases HR by 40-50% to accommodate extra blood volume in the heart

49
Q

How does the Bain Bridge Reflex work?

A

An increased volume is sensed by the heart–> signal sent via the vagus nerve to the brain via afferent signals–> the brain stem sends efferent signals via the vagus nerve to increase SNS and decrease PNS

50
Q

What are the 2 reflexes that increase the HR?

A

Direct atria stretch, Bain bridge reflex

51
Q

What does a hyper effective heart do to RAP?

A

Decreases (left shift on CO curve)

52
Q

At what RAP does the cardiac output plateau?

A

4 mmHg

A&P II (4 decks)

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