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Semester 4-Neuro > Lecture 3-Neurones And Glia > Flashcards

Lecture 3-Neurones And Glia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of glial cells?

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
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2
Q

What are the roles of astrocytes?

A
  • structural support
  • provide nutrition for neurones
  • remove neurotransmitters
  • maintain ionic environment
  • help to form blood brain barrier
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3
Q

How do astrocytes provide nutrition for neurones?

A

Glucose-lactose shuttle: produce lactate which can be transferred to neurones

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4
Q

How do astrocytes help to remove neurotransmitters?

A

Re-uptake: transporters for transmitters such as glutamate

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5
Q

Why don’t we want glutamate spreading to other synapses?

A

Too much glutamate is toxic to neurones

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6
Q

Why do astrocytes need to buffer K+ in brain ECF?

A

Too much K+ -> depolarisation -> inappropriate AP firing in neurones -> epilepsy

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7
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Myelinate axons in CNS

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8
Q

What is the equivalent of oligodendrocytes in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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9
Q

What are microglia?

A

Immunocompetent cells, recognise foreign cells -> phagocytosis

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10
Q

Why is a blood brain barrier needed?

A

Maintains optimal environment for neurones

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11
Q

What do brain capillaries have?

A
  • tight junctions between endothelial cells
  • basement membrane
  • end feet of astrocyte processes
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12
Q

What are the three groups of neurotransmitters?

A
  • amino acid: glutamate, GABA, glycine
  • biogenic amines: ACh, NA, dopamine, serotonin, histamine
  • peptides: somatostatin, CCK, neuropeptide Y
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13
Q

What is the major excitatory AA neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

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14
Q

Which AA neurotransmitters are inhibitory?

A

GABA and glycine

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15
Q

What are the two types of glutamate receptors?

A
  • ionotropic

- metabotropic

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16
Q

What are ionotropic glutamate receptors?

A

Ligand-gated ion channels: AMPA, Kainate and NMDA receptors

Permeable to Na, K and sometimes Ca

17
Q

What are metabotropic glutamate receptors?

A

GPCRs

Linked to either changes in IP3 and Ca2+ mobilisation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase and decreased cAMP levels

18
Q

Describe the fast excitatory response

A

Depolarisation of postsynaptic cell by acting on ligand-gated ion channels - excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP), depolarisation -> more AP

19
Q

What is the difference between AMPA and NMDA receptors?

A
  • AMPA: mediate initial fast depolarisation

- NMDA: permeable to Ca2+, need glutamate to bind and cell to be depolarised to allow ion flow through channel

20
Q

True or false: NMDA receptors become activated and down-regulate AMPA receptors

A

FALSE - up-regulate AMPA

21
Q

What causes long term potentiation (LTP)?

A

Strong, high frequency stimulation

22
Q

Why is too much Ca2+ entry through NMDA receptors dangerous?

A

Causes excitotoxicity

23
Q

Where is glycine mostly found?

A

Brainstem and spinal cord

24
Q

What are GABA and glycine receptors and how do they lead to inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)?

A

Cl- channels

Opening of the channels -> hyperpolarisation -> IPSP

25
Q

What effect do barbiturates have on GABA receptors?

A

Anxiolytic and sedative actions (enhances response of GABA)

26
Q

What effect do benzodiazepines have on GABA receptors?

A

Sedative and anxiolytic actions

27
Q

Which receptors in the brain does ACh act on?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

28
Q

What are cholinergic pathways in the CNS responsible for?

A

Arousal, learning and memory and motor control

29
Q

Degeneration of what is associated with Alzheimer’s disease and so what is used to alleviate the symptoms of AD?

A
  • Degeneration in the nucleus basalis

- Cholinesterase inhibitors used

30
Q

Which neurones are lost in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dopaminergic

31
Q

How can Parkinson’s disease be treated?

A

Levodopa -> dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase

32
Q

What causes schizophrenia?

A

Too much dopamine

33
Q

How do antipsychotic drugs work?

A

Antagonists at D2 receptors

34
Q

Where are the cell bodies of NA found?

A

Locus coeruleus in brainstem

35
Q

What increases the activity of locus coeruleus (LC) neurones?

A

Behavioural arousal, amphetamines, wakefulness

36
Q

What are the functions of serotonin?

A

Sleep/wakefulness and mood

37
Q

What are serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used to treat?

A

Depression and anxiety disorders

Semester 4-Neuro (6 decks)

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